Part 4/7:
The geopolitical implications of semiconductor manufacturing have led to stringent export controls imposed by the U.S. government. In 2019, the Trump administration succeeded in persuading the Dutch government to prevent ASML from exporting its advanced EUV machines to China, a policy that has remained intact under the Biden administration. As a result, while China can still acquire older design technologies known as Deep Ultraviolet (DUV) systems, which are a generation behind EUV, it is barred from accessing the critical machines that could significantly enhance its chip-making capabilities.