Barnaby Joyce: Australia deputy PM disqualified from office

The High Court of Australia decision means three of the politicians, including Mr Joyce, are disqualified from office. The others quit in July.

Australia's constitution prohibits dual citizens from being elected.

Mr Joyce's exit strips the government of its one-seat majority, but he could return through a by-election.

The deputy prime minister, who renounced New Zealand citizenship in August, has pledged to re-contest his lower house seat.

"I respect the verdict of the court," Mr Joyce said immediately after the verdict.

"We live in a marvellous democracy, with all the checks and balances they have given us all the freedoms we see. I thank the court [for] their deliberations."

Who are Australia's dual citizen MPs?

The other four politicians - Fiona Nash, Malcolm Roberts, Larissa Waters and Scott Ludlam - had been elected to the Senate.

Another two politicians under scrutiny, senators Matt Canavan and Nick Xenophon, were ruled to have been validly elected.

The dual citizenship saga has captivated Australian politics since July, prompting dozens of MPs to publicly clarify their status.

What did the politicians argue?

During three days of hearings, the government told the court that only Mr Roberts and Mr Ludlam should be disqualified, arguing the others did not know about their dual citizenship when they were elected last year.

Mr Roberts claimed he had tried to revoke his citizenship. Mr Ludlam and Ms Waters, the only MPs to resign over the saga, did not offer a defence - arguing all seven should be ineligible.

What did the court say?

The seven-judge bench deliberated for two weeks before ruling that five politicians were ineligible as a "subject or citizen of a foreign power", under to the constitution's section 44(i).

The court ruled that Mr Canavan and Mr Xenophon were not dual citizens, according to the constitutional definition.

The court was not satisfied that Mr Canavan had attained Italian citizenship through descent, while Mr Xenophon's class of inherited UK citizenship did not give him full rights and privileges.

What does it mean for the government?

With Mr Joyce disqualified, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's numbers slip to 75 in the 150-seat House of Representatives - meaning he is now overseeing a minority government.

However, Mr Turnbull could regain his 76-seat majority if Mr Joyce wins the by-election on 2 December. Mr Joyce is eligible to run now he is a citizen of Australia alone.

Under a minority government, Mr Turnbull will require support from independent MPs and minor parties to pass legislation in the lower house.

He has also reshuffled his cabinet because both Mr Joyce and Ms Nash held ministerial portfolios.

The Labor opposition has claimed that decisions made by the two ministers are "under a legal cloud" and could be challenged.

How a dual citizen crisis befell Australia

Another contest begins

Jay Savage, BBC Australia Online editor

This ruling ends months of confusion about what some had described as an out-of-date, if not odd, quirk of Australia's 1901 constitution.

But that clarity brings only fresh uncertainty for Mr Turnbull.

The prime minister had repeatedly expressed confidence that all three of his coalition members would be absolved by the court.

Now he faces a parliament where he is more likely to lose votes, and confront greater tactical manoeuvring - at least for the time being.

Most experts believe it is likely that Mr Joyce will win a by-election in his New South Wales seat, possibly with an increased margin.

However, victory is not assured and Mr Joyce could face many rivals. Will such intense national scrutiny affect the vote?

A loss would be a blow for Mr Turnbull, who is already facing several political headaches, including heated debates over legalising same-sex marriage and recognition of indigenous Australians.

What has been the reaction?

Mr Turnbull said he was disappointed in the court's decision, but stressed that his government still had six more MPs than Labor's 69.

"The decision of the court today is clearly not the outcome we were hoping for but the business of government goes on," he said.

Labor criticised Mr Turnbull for not immediately suspending Mr Joyce and Ms Nash after they referred themselves to the court in August.

Deputy leader Tanya Plibersek vowed to scrutinise decisions the pair had made.

What about the senators?

Their seats will not go to a by-election. Instead, each disqualified senator will be replaced by a member of their own party, or coalition partner, in a recount of votes from the July 2016 election.

Despite being ruled eligible, Mr Xenophon said earlier this month that he would resign regardless of the verdict to run for South Australia's state legislature.

Ms Waters has already signalled her intention to contest the next general election.

Ms Waters first to breastfeed in Senate