History and Travel of the Spread of Cannabis (Sejarah dan Perjalanan Penyebaran Ganja)

in #cannabis7 years ago

History and Travel of the Spread of Cannabis

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With the consideration of legalizing marijuana, exactly how the history of the journey of this plant?
Crops marijuana. (Thinkstock)
Cannabis has been widely used since prehistoric times. The latest report provides an overview of history and its spread. Barney Warf, the report's author, a professor of geography at the University of Kansas at Lawrence, explained how the use of cannabis in Asia thousands of years ago, and has since found its way to all corners of the globe.

Dengan adanya pertimbangan melegalkan ganja, sebenarnya bagaimana sejarah perjalanan tanaman ini?
Tanaman ganja. (Thinkstock)
Ganja telah banyak digunakan sejak zaman prasejarah. Laporan terbaru memberikan gambaran mengenai sejarah dan penyebarannya. Barney Warf, penulis laporan tersebut, seorang profesor geografi di University of Kansas di Lawrence, menjelaskan bagaimana penggunaan ganja di Asia ribuan tahun lalu, dan sejak saat itu menemukan jalannya ke seluruh pelosok dunia.

"Cannabis is used more as a medicine and spiritual purpose in premodern era," said Warf. "For example, the ancient Viking and German tribes used marijuana to relieve pain during childbirth and toothache."
"The idea of ​​marijuana is a dangerous drug (a drug) is a recently constructed thought," and the fact that cannabis is an "anomalous history". Marijuana is legal in many areas due to its history.

"Ganja lebih banyak dipakai sebagai obat dan tujuan spiritual pada era pramodern," kata Warf. "Misalnya, suku Viking dan Jerman kuno memanfaatkan ganja untuk meredakan sakit saat melahirkan dan sakit gigi."
"Gagasan mengenai ganja adalah obat berbahaya (narkoba) adalah pemikiran yang baru-baru ini dibangun," dan fakta bahwa ganja diilegalkan merupakan suatu "anomali sejarah". Ganja sudah legal di berbagai daerah karena sejarahnya.
Darimana asalnya?

Where does it come from?

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There are different types of cannabis plants. The first, Cannabis sativa or marijuana, has psychoactive ingredients. The other plant, Cannabis sativa L. (Letter L represents the honor of Carl Linnaeus), otherwise known as hemp. This plant does not contain any psychoactive ingredients and is used in products such as oil, clothing, and fuel.
There is also Cannabis indica, the same species of plants that also contain psychoactive materials. The plant was discovered by the naturalist from France, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
The third plant of the same species, Cannabis ruderalis, was so named in 1924 by the Russian botanist, D. E. Janischevisky.
These cannabis plants are believed to have evolved in the steppe of Central Asia, especially in areas we currently know as Mongolia and southern Siberia.
Thousands of years ago, marijuana was widely grown among the various crops cultivated by humans. It is known from the book Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years (Springer, 1980).
"It may thrive in nutrient-rich dumps from prehistoric hunters and gatherers," Warf wrote in a report he made.
Burned marijuana seeds were also found in a cemetery burial mound in Siberia at 3,000 BC. In the Xinjiang region of China, psychoactive cannabis was found in some tombs of noble people.


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Ada berbagai jenis tanaman ganja. Yang pertama, Cannabis sativa atau ganja, memiliki bahan psikoaktif. Tanaman yang lainnya, Cannabis sativa L. (Huruf L melambangkan penghormatan Carl Linnaeus), atau dikenal sebagai rami. Tanaman ini tidaklah mengandung bahan psikoaktif dan dipakai dalam produk seperti minyak, pakaian, dan bahan bakar.
Ada pun Cannabis indica, tanaman berspesies sama yang juga mengandung bahan psikoaktif. Tanaman ini ditemukan oleh ahli alam dari Perancis, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
Tanaman ketiga dari spesies yang sama, Cannabis ruderalis, dinamai demikian pada 1924 oleh ahli botani Rusia, D. E. Janischevisky.
Tanaman-tanaman ganja ini dipercaya telah berevolusi di stepa Asia Tengah, khususnya di daerah yang saat ini kita kenal sebagai Mongolia dan Siberia selatan.
Ribuan tahun lalu, ganja banyak ditanam di antara berbagai tanaman yang dibudidayakan manusia. Hal ini diketahui dari buku Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years(Springer, 1980).
"Ia mungkin berkembang di tempat pembuangan yang kaya nutrisi dari pemburu prasejarah dan pengumpul," tulis Warf dalam laporan yang ia buat.
Biji ganja yang dibakar juga ditemukan dalam gundukan pemakaman kurgan di Siberia pada 3.000 SM. Di daerah Xinjiang, Tiongkok, ganja psikoaktif ditemukan pada beberapa makam orang-orang mulia.

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In China, hemp and psychoactive cannabis are exploited widely when an accident occurs. Utilization of cannabis as a drug was first discovered in 4000 BC. This herb was used, for example as anesthesia during surgery, and according to the story, Chinese Emperor Shen Nung took advantage of it in 2737 BC. (However, Shen Nung's existence is in fact debatable, whether real or fictional, since the first Chinese emperor was born long after Shen Nung's existence.) From China, coastal farmers bring pots to Korea around 2,000 BC or earlier, according to The Archeology of Korea (Cambridge University Press, 1993). Cannabis arrived to the South Asian continent between 2000 BC and 1000 BC, when the area was attacked by the Aryans, an ancient Indo-European group. The drug is widely used in India, and is celebrated as one of the "five potion kings ... that release us from anxiety" in one of the ancient Vedic Sanskrit poems.

Di Tiongkok, rami dan ganja psikoaktif dimanfaatkan secara luas ketika terjadi kecelakaan. Pemanfaatan ganja sebagai obat pertama kali ditemukan pada 4.000 SM. Ramuan ini digunakan, misalnya sebagai anestesi selama operasi, dan menurut cerita, Kaisar Tiongkok Shen Nung pun memanfaatkannya pada 2737 SM. (Namun, keberadaan Shen Nung sebenarnya diperdebatkan, entah ia nyata atau fiksi, karena kaisar pertama Tiongkok lahir lama setelah keberadaan Shen Nung.)
Dari Tiongkok, petani pesisir membawa panci ke Korea sekitar 2.000 SM atau lebih awal lagi, menurut buku The Archaeology of Korea (Cambridge University Press, 1993). Ganja tiba ke benua Asia Selatan antara tahun 2000 SM dan 1000 SM, ketika wilayah itu diserang oleh bangsa Arya, kelompok berbahasa Indo-Eropa kuno. Obat ini menjadi banyak dipakai di India, dan dirayakan sebagai salah satu dari "Lima raja ramuan...yang melepaskan kita dari kecemasan" dalam salah satu puisi Sansekerta Veda kuno.

From Asia to Europe

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Marijuana arrived in the Middle East between 2000 BC and 1400 BC, and was probably used by the Scythian group, an Indo-European traveler. Scythian is known to take this drug to southeastern Russia and Ukraine, then inhabited the area for many years. The Germans brought the drug to Germany, and it spread from there to Britain in the fifth century with the Anglo-Saxon invasion. "The seeds of marijuana have also been found in the ruins of Viking boats in the mid-ninth century," said Warf. Over the next centuries, marijuana migrated to different parts of the world, traveled to Africa, reached South America in the 19th century and brought north afterwards, and eventually reached North America.

Dari Asia hingga ke Eropa
Ganja tiba di Timur Tengah antara 2000 SM dan 1400 SM, dan kemungkinan dipakai oleh kelompok Scythian, pengembara Indo-Eropa. Scythian diketahui membawa obat ini ke Rusia tenggara dan Ukraina, lalu menghuni daerah tersebut selama bertahun-tahun. Suku Jerman membawa obat tersebut ke Jerman, dan ganja pun tersebar dari sana ke Britania pada abad ke lima dengan invasi Anglo-Saxon.
"Biji ganja juga telah ditemukan dalam reruntuhan perahu Viking pada pertengahan abad ke sembilan," kata Warf. Selama berabad-abad berikutnya, ganja bermigrasi ke berbagai wilayah dunia, menempuh perjalanan ke Afrika, mencapai Amerika Selatan pada abad ke-19 dan dibawa ke utara setelah itu, dan akhirnya mencapai Amerika Utara.

Login to America

Marijuana arrived in America in the early 20th century, in southwest America from Mexico, with immigrants fleeing from the country during the Mexican Revolution in 1910-1911.
"Many of the initial prejudices against marijuana are actually fearful of smokers who are often preached by newspapers," Warf said in a report. "Mexicans are often blamed for smoking marijuana, property crime, seducing children and engaging in killing mode."

Masuk ke Amerika
Ganja tiba di Amerika pada awal abad ke 20, di barat daya Amerika dari Meksiko, dengan para imigran melarikan diri dari negara itu selama masa Revolusi Meksiko pada 1910-1911.
"Banyak prasangka awal terhadap ganja yang sebenarnya ketakutan terhadap perokok yang sering diberitakan oleh koran," kata Warf dalam laporannya. "Orang Meksiko kerap disalahkan karena merokok ganja, kejahatan properti, merayu anak-anak dan terlibat dalam modus pembunuhan."

American law never realizes the difference between Cannabis sativa L. and Cannabis sativa. The plant was first banned in Utah in 1915, becoming illegal in 29 countries in 1931.
In 1930, Harry Aslinger became the first commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) and made several attempts to make illegal marijuana in all countries. In 1937, the Marijuana Tax Law placed cannabis under the rules of the Drug Enforcement Agency, criminalizing mill ownership across the country.

Undang-undang Amerika tak pernah menyadari perbedaan antara Cannabis sativa L. dengan Cannabis sativa. Tanaman ini pertama kali dilarang di Utah pada 1915, menjadi ilegal di 29 negara pada 1931.
Pada 1930, Harry Aslinger menjadi komisioner pertama dari Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) dan melakukan beberapa upaya untuk membuat ganja ilegal di semua negara. Pada tahun 1937, Undang-undang Pajak Marijuana menempatkan ganja di bawah peraturan dari Drug Enforcement Agency, mengkriminalisasi kepemilikan pabrik di seluruh negeri.

"Currently marijuana is still classified as a government-controlled Schedule I, along with heroin and LSD, indicating this plant has high potential to be misused and addictive, not accepted for medical purposes and there is no safe level in its use," Warf wrote in the report.

"Saat ini ganja masih diklasifikasikan sebagai Skedul I dikontrol substansi oleh pemerintah, bersama dengan heroin dan LSD, menunjukkan tanaman ini berpotensi tinggi untuk disalahgunakan dan menimbulkan kecanduan, tidak diterima keperluan medis dan tidak ada tingkat aman dalam penggunaannya," tulis Warf dalam laporan tersebut.

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