Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations.
Surface plasmons (SPs) are coherent delocalized electron oscillations that exist at the interface between any two materials where the real part of the dielectric function changes sign across the interface (e.g. a metal-dielectric interface, such as a metal sheet in air).
A polaron is a quasiparticle used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions between electrons and atoms in a solid material. The polaron concept was first proposed by Lev Landau in 1933 to describe an electron moving in a dielectric crystal where the atoms move from their equilibrium positions to effectively screen the charge of an electron, known as a phonon cloud. This lowers the electron mobility and increases the electron's effective mass.
The general concept of a polaron has been extended to describe other interactions between the electrons and ions in metals that result in a bound state, or a lowering of energy compared to the non-interacting system. Major theoretical work has focused on solving Fröhlich and Holstein Hamiltonians. This is still an active field of research to find exact numerical solutions to the case of one or two electrons in a large crystal lattice, and to study the case of many interacting electrons.
Experimentally, polarons are important to the understanding of a wide variety of materials. The electron mobility in semiconductors can be greatly decreased by the formation of polarons. Organic semiconductors are also sensitive to polaronic effects, which is particularly relevant in the design of organic solar cells that effectively transport charge. The electron phonon interaction that forms Cooper pairs in low-Tc superconductors (type-I superconductors) can also be modeled as a polaron, and two opposite spin electrons may form a bipolaron sharing a phonon cloud. This has been suggested as a mechanism for Cooper pair formation in high-Tc superconductors (type-II superconductors). Polarons are also important for interpreting the optical conductivity of these types of materials.
The polaron, a fermionic quasiparticle, should not be confused with the polariton, a bosonic quasiparticle analogous to a hybridized state between a photon and an optical phonon.
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Now wait a, torodial dipole moment!
A toroidal moment is an independent term in the multipole expansion of electromagnetic fields besides magnetic and electric multipoles. In the electrostatic multipole expansion, all charge and current distributions can be expanded into a complete set of electric and magnetic multipole coefficients. However, additional terms arise in an electrodynamic multipole expansion. The coefficients of these terms are given by the toroidal multipole moments as well as time derivatives of the electric and magnetic multipole moments. While electric dipoles can be understood as separated charges and magnetic dipoles as circular currents, axial (or electric) toroidal dipoles describes toroidal charge arrangements whereas polar (or magnetic) toroidal dipole (also called anapole) correspond to the field of a solenoid bent into a torus.
What's your sign... a Torus?
Solar v Coal, Montreux Convention, Crude Tanker War trader with Bridges transition Smale's solutions
What is helicity of a particle?
In particle physics, helicity is the projection of the spin onto the direction of momentum.
The helicity of a particle is defined as the projection of a spin vector in the direction of its momentum vector, However, the helicity of a massless particle is always equal to its chirality. The helicity of a particle is a Lorentz invariant.
The helicity of a particle is right-handed if the direction of its spin is the same as the direction of its motion and left-handed if opposite. The measured helicity of a spin S particle will range from −S to +S. For massless spin-1⁄2 particles, helicity is equivalent to the chirality operator multiplied by ħ/2.
Simpson's rule Consumer Problem with Hicksian demand
What is helicity in chemistry?
Definition of Helicity. The chirality of a helical, propeller or screw-shaped molecular entity . A right-handed helix is described as P (or plus), a left-handed one as M (or minus).
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What is a chiral plane?
A chiral plane is a plane passing through a molecule so located that placement of a substituent group in that plane destroys a perpendicular plane of symmetry. Bridged aromatics are the largest group of molecules possessing chiral planes. For example: The plane of the benzene ring is the chiral plane.
Smale's Problems, modulus and argument with Bridges' Transition Model
What is chirality in physics?
A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality). The spin of a particle may be used to define a handedness, or helicity, for that particle, which, in the case of a massless particle, is the same as chirality.
Parity (physics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In quantum mechanics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also refer to the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates (a point reflection)
Random walk in a color of law case
In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) as phonons in a box, in contrast to the Einstein model, which treats the solid as many individual, non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators.
The Super Bowl of Beekeeping
By Jaime Lowe
Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state (or a low-lying isomer) of very proton-rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay. For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative - the proton is therefore unbound, and tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes; proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reactions, usually using linear particle accelerators.
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David Alire Garcia
Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus. It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nucleides, and also from excited states of other nucleides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron emission. As only a neutron is lost by this process the number of protons remains unchanged, and an atom does not become an atom of a different element, but a different isotope of the same element.
Neutrons are also produced in the spontaneous and induced fission of certain heavy nucleides.
What is the reduced mass of a system?
In physics, the reduced mass is the "effective" inertial mass appearing in the two-body problem of Newtonian mechanics. It is a quantity which allows the two-body problem to be solved as if it were a one-body problem. Note, however, that the mass determining the gravitational force is not reduced.
Are you Positronium?
Positronium (Ps) is a system consisting of an electron and its anti-particle, a positron, bound together into an exotic atom, specifically an onium. The system is unstable: the two particles annihilate each other to predominantly produce two or three gamma-rays, depending on the relative spin states. The orbit and energy levels of the two particles are similar to that of the hydrogen atom (which is a bound state of a proton and an electron). However, because of the reduced mass, the frequencies of the spectral lines are less than half of the corresponding hydrogen lines.
Theoretical Physics Is Pointless without Experimental Tests
Our discipline is a dialogue with nature, not a monologue, as some theorists would prefer to believe
By Abraham Loeb
Are Cities Making Animals Smarter?
by Paul Bisceglio
In the Helium-3 fusion process, energy is created via the reaction itself, with no nasty radioactive material for future generations to monitor. Helium 4 is a non-radioactive isotope of the element helium. It is by far the most abundant of the two naturally occurring isotopes of helium, making up about 99.99986% of the helium on Earth. Its nucleus is identical to an alpha particle, and consists of two protons and two neutrons. The basic Hydrogen fusion cycle involves four Hydrogen nuclei (protons) and two electrons and yields a Helium nucleus, two neutrinos and six photons. The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.
The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) works with its stakeholders to enable federal agencies to meet energy-related goals, identify affordable solutions, facilitate public-private partnerships, and provide energy leadership to the country by identifying and leveraging government best practices.
Take ownership of your computational chemistry Onium compound:
In chemistry, an onium ion is a cation formally obtained by the protonation of mononuclear parent hydride of a pnictogen (group 15 of the periodic table), chalcogen (group 16), or halogen (group 17). The oldest-known onium ion, and the namesake for the class, is ammonium, NH+
4, the protonated derivative of ammonia, NH 3.
Is there ammonia in urine?
Urea is one of the waste products found in urine. It's a byproduct of the breakdown of protein and can be broken down further to ammonia in certain situations. Therefore, many conditions that result in concentrated urine can cause urine that smells like ammonia.
Definition of pissed. 1 chiefly British, sometimes vulgar : drunk 1a. 2 slang, often vulgar : angry, irritated —often used with off.
Throne
noun
noun: throne; plural noun: thrones
- a ceremonial chair for a sovereign, bishop, or similar figure.
Liberty lunch coallitions for Bishop to take King ranch CPO
Debye or not Debye... just to get pissed and have the world go down the toilet, eh?
The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force.
What's the origin of the phrase 'Full of piss and vinegar'?
The earliest citation I've found is from 1936 in John Steinbeck's novel In Dubious Battle:
"Listen, mister," London said, "them guys is so full of piss and vinegar they'll skin you if you show that slick suit outside."
Steinbeck was clearly pleased with the phrase (although it is unlikely that he coined it himself) and repeated the use of it 1938 in his better known novel The Grapes of Wrath:
Grampa walked up and slapped Tom on the chest, and his eyes grinned with affection and pride. "How are ya, Tommy?"
"O.K.," said Tom. "How ya keepin' yaself?"
"Full a piss an' vinegar," said Grampa.
We also call the toilet trono (throne) in Spanish.
Sometimes, doctors with heavy German accents sound like their saying Ya, you feel 'bitter' now, when for St. Peter's sake, as the Archangel Michael is the patron saint of the German People, right there at the Oktoberfest, he is actually saying, you feel besser now?
besser, bitter, ya?
The German word besser means better in English
Monday
November 19
World Toilet Day 2018
Debye or not Debye in Daddy-O Dubai
That's the question of applying your business arts degree Shakespeare.
We all have our moments.
The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system, that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity. The SI units for electric dipole moment are coulomb-meter (C.m); however, the most common unit is the debye (D).
Theoretically, an electric dipole is defined by the first-order term of the multipole expansion; it consists of two equal and opposite charges that are infinitely close together. This is unrealistic, as real dipoles have separated charge. However, because the charge separation is very small compared to everyday lengths, the error introduced by treating real dipoles like they are theoretically perfect is usually negligible. The dipole's direction usually points from the negative charge towards the positive charge.
“Cousin Jacks”, What's in the CRISPR?
Glasgow (effect)... not bad in the end, i, ye distilled spirits in the letters of the law be throne, pissed off sailing the seas: