I had some Problems connecting a 3.5‘ internal hdd with a USB adapter cable with external power supply (12V) but the 5V from the raspberry pi where not enough to power the drive so it might be better to get an SATA to USB adapter with both 5V and 12V power supply.
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I think in this case there is an additional power supply. I guess ill see when its here, have no experience with the rasperry yet. Actualy have an external USB drive on this PC, also 2TB, worst case can just replace that with the internal HD.
Oh and of course, the power source is also relevant. USB on a PC usualy can supply 500 milliampere. The Pi uses up to like 3.4 Watts, which at 5V would amount to 680 Milliampere.
People tend to recommend a power source of at least 2 Ampere (at 5V, obviously) though for the Pi itself on its own 1 should be more than enough.
I am using a powered USB hub to power both the Pi and the USB HD, so the Pi has TWO connections to the hub, one for power and the other for data channel.