etra tavaṇa oru ākṣan sambhavikkunnu ennat viśadīkarikkunnu. iṅglīṣil āvarttikkunna āṟ pradhāna advataṅṅaḷ uṇṭ: eppēāḻuṁ, sādhāraṇayāyi (alleṅkil sādhāraṇa), palappēāḻuṁ, apūrvvamāyi, palappēāḻuṁ. .

'apūrvvamāyi' oru badalāyi 'apūrvvamāyi' namukk upayēāgikkāṁ, pakṣē ādhunika iṅglīṣ bhāṣayil it sādhāraṇamalla.
āvarttanaṅṅaḷuṭe phrīkvansi padavi
mukaḷil keāṭuttirikkunna paṭṭikayil kāṇunnatupēāle, āvarttanattinṟe prāyēāgikataykk ēṟṟavuṁ sādhāraṇa sthānamāṇ viṣayattinuṁ kriyaykkuṁ iṭayiluḷḷat. cila udāharaṇaṅṅaḷ ivayāṇ:
sāṟa ellāyppēāḻuṁ śaniyāḻca vaikunnēraṅṅaḷil pēākunnu.
avaḷuṭe kūṭṭukāri sādhāraṇayāyi avaḷe tiraññeṭukkukayuṁ avar nagarakēndrattilēkk māṟukayuṁ ceyyunnu.
avar palappēāḻuṁ suhr̥ttukkaḷ kāṇukayuṁ orumicc kuṭikkukayuṁ ceyyunnu.
śaityakālatt avar cilappēāḷ sinimayil pēākunnu.
vēnalkkālatt avar puṟattupēākāṟilla kāraṇaṁ ava vaḷare viraḷamāṇ.
ard'dharātrikk mump avar orikkaluṁ vīṭṭilēkku pēākilla.
'bhavanaṁ' enna padaṁ 'bhavanaṁ' enna padaprayēāgamāṇ. 'vākyamuṇṭeṅkil' enna padaṁ upayēāgicc vākyaṅṅaḷ upayēāgikkumpēāḷ, āvarttikkappeṭunna āvarttanasvabhāvaṁ kriyaykk śēṣamāṇ varunnat. udāharaṇattin:
śaniyāḻca rātrikaḷil siṟṟi senṟaṟil niravadhi āḷukaḷ uṇṭ.
pārkkin oru sthalaṁ kaṇṭettunnat palappēāḻuṁ bud'dhimuṭṭāṇ.
ennāl nam'muṭe suhr̥ttukkaḷ orikkaluṁ kr̥tyasamayatt illāttatināl nam'maḷ vaikippēāyennat praśnamalla.
iṅglīṣil palappēāḻuṁ ī vyavasthitiyil vyatyāsaṅṅaḷ uṇṭ.udāharaṇattin, oru vākyaṁ tuṭakkattil viraḷamāyi 'cilappēāḷ' ennuṁ 'sādhāraṇa'
cilappēāḷ avaḷ suhr̥ttukkaḷumāyi avaḷuṭe gr̥hapāṭhaṁ ceyyunnu.
sādhāraṇayāyi avar svantamāyi paṭhikkunnu.
ennāl viṣayaṁ, kriyāpadaṁ ennivaykkiṭayiluḷḷa ellā aḍāpṣanukaḷileyuṁ phrīkvansi nalkikkeāṇṭuḷḷa niyamaṁ pintuṭarān eḷuppamāṇ. 'ennu' kriya ennat vyatyastamāṇ.
cēādya phēāṁ
āvr̥ttiyekkuṟicc cēādyaṅṅaḷ varuttunnatin, ñaṅṅaḷ sādhāraṇayāyi upayēāgikkunnat 'etra tavaṇa?' 'udāharaṇattin:
niṅṅaḷ etra tavaṇa citraṅṅaḷ kāṇuṁ?
avan ṭennīs kaḷikkān etra samayameṭukkuṁ?
etra nēraṁ ṭreyinukaḷ vaikuṁ?
ennāl oru āvr̥tti phrīkvansi upayēāgicc cēādyaṅṅaḷ cēādikkān kaḻiyuṁ. udāharaṇattin:
niṅṅaḷ mikkappēāḻuṁ iviṭe varāṟuṇṭēā?
avaḷ ellāyppēāḻuṁ kaṭhinamāyi pravarttikkunnuṇṭēā?
avar eppēāḻeṅkiluṁ paṇaṁ nalkāṟuṇṭēā? ('orikkaluṁ' cēādyaṅṅaḷkkāyi 'orikkaluṁ'
meāḍal kriyakaḷumāyuṁ anubandha kriyakaḷumāyuṁ uḷḷa phrīkvansiyuṭe aḍras'sas
vākyattile mēāḍal kriyayuṇṭeṅkil, atinuśēṣaṁ atinu mumpuḷḷa phrīkvansiyatte ñaṅṅaḷ mukhya kriyāyi upayēāgikkukayāṇ. udāharaṇattin:
niṅṅaḷ ellāyppēāḻuṁ ēṟṟavuṁ mikaccat parīkṣiccu nēākkaṇaṁ.
sādhāraṇayāyi ñaṅṅaḷuṭe ṭreyinil oru sīṟṟ kaṇṭettāṁ.
avar orikkaluṁ upabhēāktākkaḷkk arēācakamāyirikkarut.
anubandha niyamaṁ oru kriyakk sahāyakamāṇ - ōksilaṟi kriyayuṁ meyin serbuṁ tam'miluḷḷa phrīkvansiyile aḍjakṣan. udāharaṇattin:
ñān orikkaluṁ turkki sandarśicciṭṭilla.
avan eppēāḻuṁ enṟe ḍeskil ninn kāryaṅṅaḷ eṭukkunnu.it śalyappeṭuttunnatāṇ.
innale vare jēāli nīṭṭānāyi niṅṅaḷ vaḷare apūrvvamāyi etticcērnnu.
prākṭīs ceyyuka
ippēāḷ niṅṅaḷ eṅṅane phrīkvansi pravarttikkunnu, phrīkvansi suvarṇasamupayēāgicc ī cēādyaṅṅaḷkk uttaraṁ nalkikkeāṇṭ ivareākke pravarttikkunnu:
niṅṅaḷ sādhāraṇa śaniyāḻca rātrikaḷil entāṇ ceyyunnat?
niṅṅaḷuṭe suhr̥tte niṅṅaḷ etra tavaṇa kaṇṭumuṭṭaṇaṁ?
niṅṅaḷ eppēāḻeṅkiluṁ tiyēṟṟaṟilēkk pēākukayāṇēā?
niṅṅaḷ etra tavaṇa spēārṭ kaḷikkukayēā jim'mil pēākukayēā ceyyuka?
niṅṅaḷ eppēāḻeṅkiluṁ iṅglīṣiluḷḷa calaccitraṅṅaḷēā ṭivi prēāgrāmukaḷēā kāṇukayāṇēā?
niṅṅaḷ eppēāḻāṇ sādhāraṇayāyi kiṭakkān pēākunnat?
oru hēāṭṭalil etravēgaṁ kaḻikkunnu?
jēāli vēḷayilēā skūḷilēā niṅṅaḷkk tāmasaṁ?
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