The Tradition
Positivism is a philosophical cut off of added than 150 years. It in progress at once after the breakdown of German classical philosophy. Its added increase goes through 4 stages, the key of which is the 40s of the 19th century until the bottom of the century. The second stage, branded as second positivism, occupies the interlude from the 70s of the 19th century to the 20s of the 20th century. The third phase - the neo-positivism from the early on 20th to the before time 1980s. The fourth show - post-positivism - occupying the time from the 80s of the 20th century to the expound day. Positivism as a entirety is typically a academic philosophical doctrine and as such categorically accepts science as the merely enough questionnaire of knowledge, adopts it as a prototype for shop and philosophy, and sees the character of attitude as just a science-serving intellectual activity.
During the firstly (classical phase of positivism) the foremost issues are the tribulations of the open life, the acquaintance of induction (ie the progress from the physical to the ordinary one).
The second act of positivism perceives gnosiology as the no more than valid philosophical discipline. The second positivism brings to the ultimate the feeling that skill is approved out completely with the advantage of the senses. The foremost thesis of this positivism is "there is nobody in mind that was not formerly in the senses." The second positivism has complete a gigantic donation to separating psychology from philosophy. government of this target result in the awareness abundant needy on the doings of the senses. awareness is an resolved product and a outcome of physiological dependencies in man. consciousness is a purpose of man. They did not make available any psychological impression on physiological functions of the body.*
headerThe specificity of the neo-positivism
straight away after the leading globe War. Its appearance is crucial as the second positivism finally exhausts its magnitude for philosophy. From the 16th century until the launch of the 20th century, a fierce notional and conceptual fight between rationalism and his cult of argue and empiricism took place, with the absolutisation of the gist of the senses. Until the 20s of the 20th century while empiricism was spoken, it was exactly this reign of the senses, but in the number one two decades of the 20th century, acutely in the possibility of the primarily globe War, mutually psychology and the physiology of the superior tense goings-on such as the doctrine of the senses is encouraged from the competence of beliefs to the competence of medicine.
It raises the interrogate of empiricism beyond the absolutized position for the senses. The fulfil to the new creation of positivists is affirmative, provided that empiricism ashes proper to its major characteristic: it is a philosophical doctrine bountiful an improvement to the lone before the general. This channel that it carcass the focal logic of investigate characteristic of empiricism - induction, that is, the extraction of reality from the paths of one detail to the familiar one.
Neo-positivism rationalizes the bond between the solitary and the joint as in the flow of its education affects one of the explanation evils of values - the obstruction of truth. The story of positivism itself is a story of rectification of this notion. After rejecting the chance of a unified, cover integrity for all, neo-positivism perceives the notion of truth, and in a while in the stream of its event it additionally replaces this notion with another: rectitude of sound procedures. One of the record intrinsic worth of neo-positivism is to arrange language as a underlying setback for philosophy. The primarily in this route is B. Roussel with his philosophical purpose of the inextricable association between common sense and language.
The development and essence of Russell's philosophical ideas
In his prolonged and creative life, Russell tainted his philosophical views quite a lot of times. However, one article in his control is one idea - the leisure pursuit in the problematic of the bond between idea and science. According to Russell, beliefs is a science, but its functional principle is to be a attitude of every one other sciences. The unity of science and thinking Russell sees in the even for mutually the rations of accuracy of knowledge, accuracy, clarity, commonsensical consistency. Russell's prime involvement is the so-called “logical atomism”. According to Russell, we can’t extort our realization from reason, incentive canister as well produce fantastic combinations of counterfeit images. At the equivalent time, our surrounding realism know how to too not be the supplier of passable information.
This is for the reason that between the outdoor earth and our brain wave processes are the senses. We be on familiar terms with I beg your pardon? the senses blab us about the outside world, not I beg your pardon? it is for ourselves.
In language-thinking, the language has a leading, influential role, such as language, and thinking, not the other aspect around. Not thoughts determines the construction of language, and the configure and lushness of language conclude the thinking. Russell believes that the focus of attitude be supposed to be exclusively geared to language analysis.
Russell develops his perform at a time after elementary discoveries possess been ready in the tackle of physics. The diversity of the atom is established.
It turns out that the atom is a obsession formation consisting of about 300 elementary particles. The elementary particles themselves are indistinguishable further. Russell accepts this new photograph of the world, and by analogy with it, he examines the makeup of the language. The character of basic added indistinguishable particles drama the words. The evocative amalgamation of terms resembles atoms, in statement these are the basic judgments - the furrow is a planet, the hierarchy is a plant, and therefore on. From the a variety of atoms at hand are combinations of innumerable assumptions and conclusions that Russell calls molecular; hence the construction of the tongue resembles matter.
This instead elementary analogy reveals the means to the structural revision of language, and that's why the analogy. accordingly Russell makes the ingenious discovery that common sense as a science deceit between language and mathematics. as follows mutually types of judgment - mutually philosophical and precise - are legitimized. The cost of these statements on newly differentiated psychology are spoken in the extraction of psychology from get physiology and shifted to experiments everyplace language is the foremost income of psychological impact. This duty of Russell's philosophy, however, remnants unfinished. alongside with Russell's philosophy, neo-positivism evolved above all in Austria, Vienna, as the expression of the so-called Vienna Circle, the beliefs of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Carl Poppe. But these strands make sure of not stretch added in their involvement to psychology than Russell's.
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