How are boards typically identified in the metric world? Here, a 2x4 is nominally 2"x4" (approx. 5cm x 10cm), but that's the rough-sawn lumber. The boards are milled down 1/4" (+/- 6mm) for a finished size of 1.5" x 3.5". Is metric lumber similar, or is the actual finished size used?
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Depends on what you buy. Most sawn timbers are pretty good. The 4”x2” equivalents are 100mm X 50mm. If you buy the planed equivalent it’s 95mm x 45mm. It gets complicated when buying things like ply boards. They are still in imperial measurements. 8’ X 4’ Or sometimes sold as 2440mm X 1220mm. You could imagine what it would have been like replacing any type of board in a building, to find the metric version won’t fit onto the joists, as they would have been slightly smaller.