Pyruvic acid
Pyrofic acid is a chemical type of ketoacropic acid (CH3COCO2H), which plays an essential role in the body's biochemical processes, oxidized through a series of complex reactions to produce carbon dioxide and energy in the form of triphosphate adenosine (ATP) Carboxylic anion of pyruvic acid in pyrophytes.
Pyruvic acid chemically Is a colorless liquid that smells like acetic acid, dissolves in ether and alcohol and mixes with water. It can be prepared by heating a mixture of potassium dipritate and tartaric acid, or through the hydrolysis process of the acetyl cyanide compound, With potassium cyanide.
Phases of pyruvic acid degradation The pyruvic acid from glycolysis is exposed to the demolition by mitochondria with the presence of oxygen at the level of the matrice through a series of biochemical reactions that are in two stages:
- Acetylcholine Pyrofic acid
is extracted by extracting the COO group and oxidation by NAD by extracting the hydrogen ion and binding it with the remaining CH3CO to produce the acetyl-Coenzyme A, CO2 and NADH molecule according to the following formula: 2acetyruvic + 2NAD + 2CO ----> 2acetyl-coA + 2NADH2 + 2Co2).
2 . Carbs cycle reactions The acetylcholine enzyme molecule is separated from the enzyme coenzyme A, and another acetyl group is carried into the crybs loop where it is associated with oxalosic acid to produce Citric acid which undergoes a number of non-inverse reactions:
First interaction :
Turning the Cytrex into Isocetrite.
Second Interaction:
Oxidation of isocritite to alpha quito glutarate by the enzyme isositrite dehydrogenase. During this reaction, a carbonoxic group in the form of carbon dioxide is lost with the presence of a magnetase ion as an adjuvant and NADH is removed and reduced to NADH.
Third Interaction:
Alpha-Quito Glutarate oxidation to Coenzyme AA by alpha-ketoglutarit dehydrogenase. During this reaction, a carbonoxic group in the form of carbon dioxide is lost with the presence of MEG as a catalyst, dehydrogen and NAD reduction to NADH.
Fourth Interaction:
Calcinzyme A is analyzed in combination with Saxenic and AA coenzyme with the presence of the enzyme thiocyanase to produce a high-energy compound that converts to ATP.
Fifth interaction:
Oxidation of hexanic dehydrogenase and dehydrogen, and reduction of FAD to FADH.
Sixth Interaction:
Fayoumirik turned to Malik through the addition of water and the presence of the enzyme Viomerez.
Seventh Interaction:
Oxidation of malic to dextrostics with the presence of dehydrogenase and dehydrogenase, reduction of NAD to NADH, and ending with oxaloastic acid, which is associated with a new acetylcholine group of citric acid (hence called the citric acid cycle), repeated twice a glucose per molecule The outputs of a single cycle are as follows: A molecule of ATP energy in the form of GTP Three molecules of NADH are oxidized in the mitochondria to produce three ATP molecules. Two molecules of FADH2 are oxidized in the mitochondria to produce two ATP molecules.
The oxidation of pyruvic acid is an important factor in determining the mass of beta cells in the Langerhans islands of the pancreas
Researchers from the University of Buffalo led by Dr. Mulchand Patel, the Weston, Ontario, West Ontario Medical Research Center, London and Canada, led by Dr. David Hill, to assess the role of the mitochondrial enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in regulating the development and maturation of pancreatic beta cells Postpartum period directly with mice. This study, which was published in the August 2014 issue of Experimental Biology & Medicine, shows that the pyruvic hydroxide extractor is not only important to express the insulin hormone gene and to secrete insulin in response to glucose, but also directly affects the growth and maturation of beta cells. This puts the glucose metabolism in the master control mode in the block and activity of the beta cell.
Glucose inside pancreatic beta cells is very important for expressing the hormone insulin gene and for the secretion of extracellular hormone, but there is increasing evidence that glucose metabolism methods are also important for the development of beta cells and maintaining their mass in mature humans. A targeted elimination of glucokinase (β-phosphate-to-glucose) in mouse beta cells not only prevents insulin-induced insulin secretion, but also inhibits beta cell proliferation and is linked to increased cell death. Direct manipulation of the availability of glucose for the fetal pancreas at a tissue farm demonstrates that it is necessary to have glucose for the development of both alpha and beta cells by controlling the neurogenic factor 3 (Neurog3) and NeuroD.
In the article, the researchers show that a targeted elimination of beta cells of the alpha unit of the pyruvic acid extractor, a specific enzyme to limit the entire group called the pyrophoric hydrolysis complex that metabolizes mitochondrial glucose-derived pyruvic, when that unit In rats, insulin and glucose-induced insulin release were said to be as predicted by scientists. But they also showed that the number of beta cells was reduced after birth, as did Neurog3, NeuroD, and Pdx1. Interestingly, it was also found to reduce the number of small clusters of cells outside the pancreas that have the ability to secrete insulin, a possible source of new beta cells. These recent advances reinforce the idea that the methods that control glucose metabolism in cells are also important to maintain the mass of beta cells as hormones and growth factors, such as polygonptide-like polypeptide 1 (GLP1). "These findings show us that glucose metabolism is an important regulator of beta cell mass and can also work in ways that are independent of other signaling methods, such as insulin receptor substrate 2," said Dr. Mulchand Patel, lead author of the study.
Source :
https://www.cycledekrebs.fr
https://www.chups.jussieu.fr/polys/biochimie/C/POLY.Chp.9.11.html
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