Vaccination is actually inducing an already weaken antigen to the body, so as to elicit an immunogenic response. So that when the fights of this already weakened antigen it will be able to prevent further occurrence of that same antigen. This is possible because of the memory T cells in the white blood cells. This is why when you vaccinated against polio or measles you don't get down with the ailments again even when exposed based on the fact that you have experienced the weakened antigen already.
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There are a lot of moving parts in our immune system and scientist still haven't figured out how the system works. Vaccination is a hit or miss when it comes to providing a life time immunization from a disease, that is why we need booster shoots.
Here is an article by Suzan Humphrey, many people don't like the good doctor but I have learned a lot from her.
There are still more to be done on that area, because a lot of things are still in shadows. More research needs to be made.