A Brief History Of The Future (English/Turkish)

in #history6 years ago

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There are few futurists who can produce reasonable predictions about the future. One of these important futurists, whose numbers will not exceed the fingers of a hand, is Jacques Attali, a French citizen born in Algeria. In this article I would like to introduce the book "A Brief History Of The Future" by Attali.

Attali was born in Algeria in 1943. He graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris in 1963 as a mining engineer. As serving as faculty member, writer and state honorary adviser, he was appointed as the Special Advisor of the French President between 1981-1991. He has written more than 40 books on assey, biography, novel, children's book and theatre plays, and his books have been translated into more than 20 languages.

In the a brief history of the future, which was published in 2006, Attali makes a brief summary of the history of humanity before starting to enumerate the future predictions about the main factors affecting the historical dynamics, such as capitalism, immigration /settlement, technological developments.

Attali expresses the main ruling factors that determine the history of the world as religion, military and capitalism. The world has passed through the ceremonial order in which the power was in the hands of religious authorities, the imperial order in which power was primarily military, and the commercial order in which the bourgeoisie is dominant. The supremacy of religious order is theological, the main objective of military order is the occupation of land and commercial order's purpose is wealth.

The author underlines that conflicts between nomad and settled culture are very decisive in history. In many parts of the book, he states the differences between nomads and settlers. He states that people who guide the developments are scientists and business people who travel a lot today.

According to the author, the centre of power is gradually changing from east to west from the beginning of the 12th century. Geographical regions, which the author calls "focus", create and spread the most important innovations of his time to the world. The dominant "focus" has shifted from the Middle East to the Mediterranean, then to the North Sea, to the Atlantic Ocean and finally to the Pacific Ocean. The author outlines these focuses as Bruges, Venice, Antwerp, Genoa, Amsterdam, London, Boston, New York and California.

Between 1200-1350 Brugge city with a population of 35,000 is the main focus of maritime trade. After the plague epidemic, which killed one third of the Europeans in 1348, the city lost its property.

Between the years 1350-1500, Venice became the commercial center of the world. In the shadow of the strong Ottoman Empire, the city determined the price of the major commodities as the only European power that can resist the Ottoman Empire, plays with exchange rates of their money, and sets the laws of aesthetics, architecture, painting and music. As the Ottoman Empire increased its influence in the Mediterranean, the period of this focus ends.

Between 1620 and 1788 Amsterdam becomes the new focus. It becomes an industrial center that paints wool fabrics all over Europe. With its income, it becomes the production center of boats called filinta. With the fleets it creates, it begins to carry a significant portion of the load in Europe and becomes a great naval force. In Amsterdam in 1685, per capita income is four times that of Paris. With a population of 300.000, gives direction to European politics. In 1788, when Dutch banks bankrupt, Amsterdam transferred the flag to London.

Between 1788 and 1890, London was the new commercial center of the world. It is a center where all innovators, creators, industrialists, financiers are gathered with its new developing industry. In the second half of the 19th century, England became the ruler of the world. Thus, a commercial focus has become dominant in the world in political and military terms for the first time.

Between 1890-1929, Boston became the focus of the cars working with internal combustion engines. When the United States becomes the new rising power of the world, from 1880 to 1914, one-fifth of the European population emigrated to the United States. The 1929 crisis triggered by the rise in oil prices leads to the end of the Boston period.

Between 1929-1980, electricity and related industries make New York City a new focus. Between 1945 and 1965, New York became the world's largest metropolis.

Since 1980, California is the new focus of the world. From Hollywood to Silicon Valley, this Italy-sized state leads the entertainment, computer and software industries.

In the time it took since 2006, the book was written, to date, California State of the United States remains the determining position on earth. Meanwhile, the world's economic center continues to shift towards the west. Although the author stressed that California would be the last focus in the world, and that geography would then lose the importance through digitalization, Chinese cities such as Hong Kong and Shangai today have become the rivals of California in advanced technology and innovation.

According to Attali, in the 21th century, the world will go through the stages of Hyper-Empire and Hyper-Conflict and reach the stage of Hyper-Democracy.

According to the author, in the coming years, capitalism and market forces will become the only determinant of the world by ingesting all opposing forces and taking over. In this process, all states, including the United States, will become ineffective. Money will eliminate all forces that will damage its sovereignty, create extreme wealth and misery, and erode all values in the world, including nature, and become a measure of everything. In this process, everything will be privatized, including the army, police and justice. Once people are equipped with prostheses, they will be under complete control. Thus, the historical process, which the author calls Hyper-Empire, will begin.

In response to this period, in the era of Hyper-Conflict, states, religious groups, private hackers and democratic forces will wage war on the rule of money and chaos will begin. If humanity can survive this period of chaos without destroying itself and if the market can be controlled without being eliminated, humanity will reach the age of Hyper-Democracy determined by values such as freedom, responsibility, honor, transcendence and respect for the other.

Under the leadership of a democratic world goverment during the period of Hyper-Democracy, humanity will begin to benefit from the blessings of the world under relatively equal conditions and learn to avoid extremism with the help of new technologies.

As an intellectual and creative writer with extensive knowledge, Attali takes readers to a pleasant mental journey from past to future in the a brief history of the future.

I strongly recommend the book, which I have tried to summarize above, to everyone who cares about having a vision about what is going on in the world.

Thanks for reading.

Image Sources: https://pixabay.com and https://giphy.com/

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Gelecek hakkında ayakları yere basan, akla yatkın öngörüler üretebilen az sayıda fütürist var. Toplasanız sayıları bir elin parmaklarını geçmeyecek olan bu önemli fütüristlerden biri de Cezayir doğumlu bir Fransız vatandaşı olan Jacques Attali. Bu yazıda Attali'nin "Geleceğin Kısa Tarihi" isimli kitabını tanıtmak istiyorum.

Attali 1943 yılında Cezayir'in Cezayir kentinde doğdu. Paris'te bulunan Ecole Polytechnique'den 1963 yılında maden mühendisi olarak mezun oldu. Öğretim üyesi, yazar ve devlet onursal danışmanı olan Attali 1981-1991 yılları arasında Fransa cumhurbaşkanının özel danışmanlığı görevini üstlendi. Deneme, biyografi, roman, çocuk kitabı ve tiyatro oyunu türünde 40'dan fazla kitap yazdı, kitapları 20'den fazla dile çevrildi.

Attali 2006 yılında yayınladığı Geleceğin Kısa Tarihi'nde dünyanın geleceğinin 21. yüzyılda nasıl şekillenebileceği konusundaki öngörülerini okurların beğenisine sunuyor. Yazar kitabında gelecek öngörülerini sıralamaya başlamadan önce insanlığın tarihinin kısa bir özetini yaparak kapitalizm, göçebelik/yerleşiklik, teknolojik gelişmeler gibi tarihsel dinamikleri etkileyen başlıca faktörlerden söz ediyor.

Attali dünya tarihini belirleyen başlıca iktidar merkezlerini dini, askeri ve kapitalist güçler olarak ifade ediyor. Dünya, iktidarın dini otoritelerin elinde olduğu ayinsel düzen, iktidarın öncelikle askeri olduğu emperyal düzen ve burjuvazinin egemen olduğu ticari düzen aşamalarından geçmiş bulunuyor. Dinsel düzenin ülküsü teolojik, askeri düzenin başlıca hedefi toprak ve ticari düzenin felsefesi bireycilik, amacı ise zenginlik.

Yazar gezginci ve yerleşik kültür arasındaki çatışmaların tarihte çok belirleyici olduğunun altını çiziyor. Kitabın birçok yerinde göçebelerle yerleşiklerin anlayış farklarını irdeliyor. Dünyada belirleyici olan, gelişmelere yön veren insanların günümüzde çok seyahat eden bilim, kültür ve iş insanları olduğunu belirtiyor.

Yazar kitabında iktidarın merkezinin 12. yüzyıldan itibaren yavaş yavaş doğudan batıya doğru yer değiştirdiğini anlatıyor. Yazarın "odak" olarak isimlendirdiği coğrafi bölgeler zamanının en önemli yeniliklerini yaratıp dünyaya yayıyorlar. Piyasaya egemen olan bu "odak" onikinci yüzyılda Ortadoğundan Akdeniz'e, sonra Kuzey denizine, Atlantik okyanusuna ve nihayet Pasifik okyanusuna kaymış bulunuyor. Yazar bu odakları Brugge, Venedik, Anvers, Cenova, Amsterdam, Londra, Boston, NewYork ve Kaliforniya olarak sıralıyor.

1200-1350 yılları arasında Brugge şehri 35.000'e ulaşan nüfusuyla deniz ticaretinin ana odağı durumundadır. 1348 yılında Avrupalıların üçte birini öldüren veba salgını sonrasında şehir bu özelliğini kaybeder.

1350-1500 yılları arasında Venedik dünyanın ticari odağı durumuna gelir. Kent güçlü Osmanlı imparatorluğunun gölgesinde, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na direnebilen tek Avrupalı güç olarak belli başlı malların fiyatlarını belirler, paralarının kambiyo kuruyla oynar, estetiğin, mimarinin, resmin ve müziğin yasalarını belirler. Osmanlı'nın Akdeniz'deki etkinliğini artırmasıyla bu odağın dönemi sona erer.

1620-1788 yılları arasında Amsterdam yeni odak olur. Tüm Avrupa'nın yün kumaşlarını boyayan bir endüstri merkezine dönüşür. Elde ettiği gelirle filinta adı verilen ve mürettebat tasarrufu sağlayan teknelerin üretim merkezi olur. Oluşturduğu filolarla Avrupa'daki yüklerin önemli bir bölümünü taşımaya başlar ve büyük bir deniz gücü haline gelir.1685 yılında Amsterdam'da kişi başına düşen gelir Paris'in 4 katıdır. 300 binlik nüfusuyla Avrupa siyasetine yön verir. 1788 yılında Hollanda bankaları iflas edince Amsterdam bayrağı Londra'ya devreder.

1788-1890 yılları arasında buharın gücünü arkasına alan Londra dünyanın yeni ticari odağı olur. Gelişen yeni sanayisiyle bütün yenilikçilerin, yaratıcıların, sanayicileri, finansçıların toplandığı bir merkez olur. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İngiltere dünyanın hakimi haline gelir. Böylece ticari bir odak ilk kez siyasi ve askeri bakımdan da dünyaya egemen hale gelmiş olur.

1890-1929 yılları arasında Boston içten yanmalı motorlarla çalışan otomobiller sayesinde odak haline gelir. ABD dünyanın yeni yükselen gücü haline gelince 1880'den 1914'e kadar Avrupa nüfusunun beşte biri ABD'ye göç eder. Petrol fiyatlarının yükselmesiyle tetiklenen 1929 krizi Boston'un döneminin kapanmasına yol açar.

1929-1980 yılları arasında elektrik ve buna bağlı endüstriler NewYork'u yeni odak haline getirir. 1945-1965 yılları arasında NewYork yeryüzünün en büyük metropolü haline gelir.

1980 yılından günümüze kadar geçen zamanda Kaliforniya dünyanın yeni odağı durumundadır. Hollywood'dan Silikon Vadisine uzanan bu İtalya büyüklüğündeki eyalet eğlence, bilgisayar ve yazılım endüstrilerine önderlik yapar durumdadır.

Kitabın yazıldığı 2006 yılından bugüne kadar geçen zamanda ABD'nin Kaliforniya eyaletinin dünya üzerindeki belirleyici konumu sürüyor. Dünyanın ekonomik ağırlık merkezi de bu arada batıya doğru kaymaya devam ediyor. Her ne kadar yazar Kalifornia'nın dünyadaki son odak olacağını, bundan sonra dijitalleşme sayesinde mekanın önemini kaybedeceğini vurgulamış olsa da, günümüzde Hong-Kong ve Shangai gibi Çin şehirleri ileri teknoloji ve inovasyonda Kalifornia'nın tahtını sarsar duruma geldiler.

Attali'ye göre 21. yüzyılda dünya Hiper-İmparatorluk ve Hiper-Çatışma aşamalarından geçerek Hiper-Demokrasi aşamasına ulaşacak.

Yazara göre gelecek yıllarda kapitalizm ve piyasa güçleri tüm karşıt güçleri sindirip hakimiyeti altına alarak dünyanın biricik belirleyicisi haline gelecek. Bu süreçte Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dahil olmak üzere tüm devletler etkisiz hale gelecek. Para kendi hakimiyetine zarar verecek tüm güçleri elimine edip, aşırı servet ve aşırı sefalet yaratacak, doğa dahil olmak üzere dünyadaki tüm değerleri aşındırarak her şeyin ölçüsü haline gelecek. Bu süreçte ordu, polis ve adalet de dahil olmak üzere her şey özelleşecek. İnsanlar protezlerle donatılıp iyice yapaylaştıktan sonra tam bir denetim altına girecek. Böylece yazarın Hiper-İmparatorluk olarak isimlendirdiği tarihsel süreç başlamış olacak.

Bu döneme tepki olarak gelişecek olan Hiper-Çatışma çağında devletler, dinci gruplar, özel korsanlar ve demokrasi güçleri paranın hakimiyetine savaş açacak ve bir kaos dönemi başlayacak. İnsanlık kendisini yok etmeden bu kaos döneminden çıkabilir ve piyasa ortadan kaldırılmadan denetim altına altına alınabilirse insanlık özgürlük, sorumluluk, onur, kendini aşma ve ötekine saygı gibi değerlerle belirlenen Hiper-Demokrasi çağına ulaşacak.

Hiper-Demokrasi döneminde demokratik bir dünya yönetimi eşliğinde insanlık yeni teknolojilerin sağladığı olanakların da yardımıyla dünya nimetlerinden görece eşit şartlarda yararlanmaya başlayacak ve aşırılıklardan kaçınmayı öğrenecek.

Geniş bilgi dağarcığına sahip bir entelektüel ve yaratıcı bir edebiyatçı olan Attali Geleceğin Kısa Tarihi kitabında okurları geçmişten geleceğe uzanan keyifli bir zihinsel yolculuğa çıkarıyor. Turhan Ilgaz'ın kitabın kalitesine yakışır başarılı çevirisi de kitabın zevkle okunmasına katkı sağlıyor.

Temel fikirlerini yukarıda özetlemeye çalıştığım kitabı dünyada olup bitenler konusunda vizyon sahibi olmayı önemseyen herkese şiddetle tavsiye ederim.

Okuduğunuz için teşekkür ederim.

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Very interesting post. A bleak vision of the shallowness of humanity that moves to the highest vision - if all goes well. Thanks for sharing.

Thanks very interesting! Upvoted!

Güzel hikaye

i was following me you are following me

Hopefully blockchain will bring us into the age of Hyper-Democracy as fast as possible.

Ohh Mr. @muratkbesiroglu again I found something New in your post that why you are famous for your Sci-fi content.
Since beginning of human life everyone wants to know What will happen next in his life and he believes in heriscope.
I I don't know you are believe in heriscope or such methods??
Yet i think doing prediction for future is not easy.
But some animals have extraordinary power to do prediction.
This is FIFA time and i would like to share the memories about #PaulBaba.

I don't know @muratkbesiroglu, you know about Paul Baba or nor But that was the best real prediction happen about anything in My life and that year Spain was winner of FIFA WC.
Don't miss to follow @devkapoor423 and keep support by your upvote and comment on my post.

Nicely put together ! & Certainly looks like an interesting read by Attali - Well..to me democracy is just a number game & today I reckon we live in times of plutocracy - through out history man has always wanted more of everything! In this pursuit , driven by greed, we as a race have plundered nature, destroyed environment... all in the name of industrialization and economic development.

While the ideal of "Hyper Democracy" as stated by Attali sounds like an ideal world everyone would wish - it may be little far fetched from reality - not being pessimistic (pun intended!)

I think you need to have a better understanding of our human history, and also take away all emotions when accessing what this author has said.

Conflict has already started. USA, France, UK fired missiles to Syria. If that is not the start of a war, what is? There are economic sanctions all over the world like there were never before, and every war in human history has started with some form of economic sanctions, which differs in definition due to differences in time and civilisation.

Let's not forget the existence of Bilderberg Group, and families like Rothchild who are wealthier and more powerful beyond our wildest imagination. What do you think the top 120-150 richest and most powerful man and woman meet in a place where they discuss stuffs that are NEVER revealed to the public for? Do you REALLY THINK THAT THEY MEET TO DISCUSS HOW THEY CAN HELP THE WORLD AND MAKE THIS WORLD A BETTER PLACE? (:

I urge you to do your own research, have an open mind, and re-visit this topic again when you are free.

he said hyper democracy can be achieved if we survive the global conflict. It is not something that is ideal that everyone would wish, we are already heading into that direction without even us realising.

I hope i have not offended you in anyway, and I appreciate a response, be it criticism or an argument. @siddheart

Böylelikle "Geleceğin Kısa Tarihi" okunacaklar listeme girmiş oldu. Geçmiş olduğunuz özete göre; başarılabilirse ütopik bir dünyaya doğru ilerlenebilir, tabi öncesinde büyük kaoslar ve çatışmalar yaşanacak.
Blockchaini dijitalleşme dönemine mi dahil etmeliyiz? Yada şöyle sorayım, Attali'nin blockchain'li bir dünyada gelecek değerlendirmesi yapsaydı acaba sonucu nereye bağlardı sizce? Yine hızla okunan ve takdir edilen bir yazı olmuş, sağolun @muratkbesiroglu

Blockchain'in geleceği şekillendirecek önemli bir teknoloji olduğunu düşünüyorum. Öte yandan 2 yıl öncesine kadar bu teknolojiden haberdar değildim. Muhtemelen Attali de kitabını yazarken haberdar değildi, hatta yapay zekaya bile çok atıfta bulunmamış

The material is good and the write is quite nice but let us try to think through together, is it possible for a mere human to make a futuristic predictions and it will happen just as he has said?, I doubt that possibility because it is not possible to guide our own steps, how come we will be able to predict the future. If the predictions are true, why is the situation of each countries government remained the problem of a nation and cant we turn this world to a better place for all to live in forever. All this predictions are just mere assumptions brought by human philosophy so as to capture and drive us away from better things we need to be doing. When we yet to finish with the present, why are we disturbing ourselves with the future. I am not antagonising the poster of this piece but rather the author cos i found its prediction unreal. I believe everything he said will just happen coincidentally if at all they will happen.
Thanks for reading!!!

I think you need to have a better understanding of our human history, and also take away all emotions when accessing what this author has said.

Conflict has already started. USA, France, UK fired missiles to Syria. If that is not the start of a war, what is? There are economic sanctions all over the world like there were never before, and every war in human history has started with some form of economic sanctions, which differs in definition due to differences in time and civilisation.

Let's not forget the existence of Bilderberg Group, and families like Rothchild who are wealthier and more powerful beyond our wildest imagination. What do you think the top 120-150 richest and most powerful man and woman meet in a place where they discuss stuffs that are NEVER revealed to the public for? Do you REALLY THINK THAT THEY MEET TO DISCUSS HOW THEY CAN HELP THE WORLD AND MAKE THIS WORLD A BETTER PLACE? (:

I urge you to do your own research, have an open mind, and re-visit this topic again when you are free.

I hope i have not offended you in anyway, and I appreciate a response, be it criticism or an argument.

Thank you @haywhysylv

Beautiful .. Well done on tips
Great post from you
Thanks for sharing..

This book seems to be an interesting recommendation. I am interested to know if the author predicts the imminent collapse of Europe because of the religious extremism of the Middle East, who at this moment is "colonizing" the most important cities of the European community.

I would like to contrast the future preconditions of Attali with our present, perhaps to try to understand it a bit.

I have a philosophy of my own to try to achieve success on a personal level since our times or lapses of life are very small in terms of the times of humanity, geopolitics and globalization, this philosophy is illustrated in the following way: The world is a great blue whale and we are a small fish that is part of the shoal that feeds on what the great whale leaves, whether we want it or not, we are going in the same direction as her, if we see life from a macro perspective and we try to predict the In the direction of the whale in terms of its tendency and behavior, we will be able to take advantage of this information to stand out among most of the fish in the shoal, each one from its own area of ​​influence.

I think I will walk through the pages of this bibliographical recommendation soon.

Greetings.

I think the author is very wise. It makes sense, studying history and the way we have lived our lives, hyper-democracy after some inevitable conflict seems like the way we are progressing right now.

ALL wars in the past has started with economic sanctions, and NOW we are facing economic sanctions all over the world like never before. While the definition of economic sanctions may differ greatly depending on the time period, there are conflicts in the world everywhere that has yet to be resolved ( Middle east where the west divided them to cause major conflicts, Rising states with nuclear powers whereas a few decades ago it was just RUSSIA and USA, and the list goes on.)

I would like to make a prediction that if we were to survive the upcoming global conflict, the world will strive towards a single government (The world has been increasingly becoming united as humanity progress, states forming countries, smaller nations being assimilated, countless languages being lost, etc) with a single currency, and CRYPTOCURRENCY will SURELY, be the solution.

When I think about future I remember the blood runner(old). But I hope our future will be brighter. Thanks for the interesting read.

i am so thankful to you for giving such valuable knowledge to us.

It isn't written for physicists ( Im one of those). It's meant to be for a general audience. That said, the topics discussed are very unintuitive, which can make it tough to fully grasp the material.

following me you are following me

Awesome really amazing and interesting post I have ever seen.
Thank you so much for sharing with us')

I will be grateful to you if you read my post and find out my mistakes, it will be very helpful for me.

Do you know the true meaning of Love & Relationship? then have a look on my post click here
Thank you ;)

Beautiful weldone, thanks so much for sharing. i will bookmark this and read again and again. I Love it

"The third world war will be fought with nuclear weapon but the forth world war has to be fought with stick and stone" Albert Einstien

Paylaşım için teşekkürler. Çok ilgi çekici ve merak uyandırıcı bir kitapmış gerçekten. Çok başarılı ve isabetli öngörüler. İlk fırsatta temin edip okumak istiyorum.

Según el autor, el centro del poder está cambiando gradualmente de este a oeste desde el comienzo del siglo XII. Las regiones geográficas, que el autor llama, crean y difunden al mundo las innovaciones más importantes de su tiempo.

çok iyi :) ..elinize sağlık hocam

@muratkbesiroglu such a wonderful post i'm always think how is our future in next 30 to 40 years i like very much this type of post and story ur all post are very beautiful i just want to know how u write this type of beautiful article i hope u can give fews tips about this how to write like this thanks for sharing this great post like always u do

que bella historia,no he tenido la oportunidad de leerla pero he oído sus comentarios

@muratkbesiroglu
Even I believe there are many who can actually predict the future , at least nearby prediction

interesting historical story, very good post

"I m new "

It's quite amazing to read about Futurists and see what they envision the future to be decades or even many centuries ago. This really makes you think about the way people think the future will be in our present day and age.

those whoz say future is unpredictable they could have been seen your wonderful article

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well what's this?

You got a 30.33% upvote from @postpromoter courtesy of @muratkbesiroglu!

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We can see that the book of the author Attali is very interesting. Hyper-democracy seems to be a good option for our hectic world, but I think that the vicissitudes that exist today in all aspects could prevent a rearrangement of hyper-democracy-producing forces, because this hyper-democracy ultimately turns out to be the resulting from a set of elements that have to converge statistically and adequately to come into being. However, the thesis of the writer Attali has a lot of viability and may come to us as a thief on a dark night. Thank you very much @muratkbesiroglu for presenting us this summary.

Hope the future will be better, thanks for sharing this interesting post

I just hope future dosent divide us even more....sadlife😪

Future is only data science and artificial intelligence

@muratkbesiroglu
Hello sir,
Its amazing blog... Blockchain will also play important role in our future.

Also sir, please visit my profile and help me grow....
https://steemit.com/@ankit-singh

Your small helps can build a great motivation in me... please sir...give your little valuable time to support me and point out my mistakes.

Thanks for sharing brader 😊 love you.

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Excellent recommendation looks very interesting that book, Amazon is almost $1000, I will try to find it in PDF although nothing like reading it on paper.

@muratkbesiroglu such a wonderful post i'm always think how is our future in next 50 years i like very much this type of post and story ur all post are very beautiful i just want to know how u write this type of beautiful article i hope u can give fews tips about this how to write like this thanks for sharing this great post like always u do.........

Good & great dear sir @muratkbesiroglu

Attali sounds like a great author and one that truly foresees the future....however his major dent in your sumarry is his inability to see China be this advanced in technology and innovation. But this would make for a fine read if I could lay hands on the book.thanks poster.

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i was following me you are following me

I enjoyed watching your post ....

Hello friends.
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review of book written in very beutiful manner
i am very interested to read the book

Historic written in this book. More learning content is present. I have got more informatin. It is helpful for me.

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