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The turning point for Somaliland came in 1991 when dictator Siad Barre was overthrown by anti-government rebels, including the Somali National Movement (SNM). Following his ousting, the SNM declared Somaliland’s independence, essentially reinstating the borders of the old British protectorate. A 2001 referendum reaffirmed this desire for independence, with a striking 97% of Somaliland’s citizens voting for it.