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In late November 2024, a coalition of opposition groups, notably the Islamist faction Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), launched an offensive that culminated in the fall of key territories, including Aleppo and Homs. Remarkably, the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) exhibited a concerning lack of resistance, exhibiting morale issues and operational failures, which led to significant territorial losses within days. Reports indicated a substantial number of desertions, equipment abandonment, and a rapid decrease in combat effectiveness.
The leading factors behind the dramatic collapse of the Assad regime can be attributed to a combination of internal deterioration within the military structure, a lack of significant external support from allies, and the increased capabilities of the opposition forces.