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The Greeks laid the intellectual foundation for Europe, particularly through the birth of democracy in Athens. This city not only redefined governance with citizen participation but also fostered advancements in philosophy, science, and the arts—elements crucial to European identity.
Democracy in Athens, while limited to male citizens, inspired future generations. The idea of governance evolved further under the influence of the Roman Empire, which built upon Athenian achievements while introducing concepts of citizenship and law that would endure through the centuries.