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Tracing the origins of Neanderthals leads back to Africa approximately 600,000 years ago. They evolved from an early human species known as Homo heidelbergensis, which already exhibited capabilities such as using fire and crafting tools. As they adapted to harsher climates in Europe and Asia, Neanderthals developed physical traits better suited for extreme conditions, such as lighter skin and a more muscular build. These adaptations enabled them to thrive in Europe's coldest environments and to form tight-knit clans that supported one another in their daily struggles.