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Lithography involves projecting light onto a silicon wafer to create fine patterns. ASML’s EUV machines can generate light that is not found naturally on Earth; it produces this light by firing laser pulses at tin, causing it to vaporize into plasma. This process is incredibly precise and requires a dust-free environment, with ASML factories being 10,000 times cleaner than outside air. Each EUV machine comprises over 100,000 parts and is transported using substantial logistical efforts, including multiple freight containers and even planes.