Part 3/11:
Reflecting on historical precedents, Hirsi Ali argues that post-9/11, the West’s reaction was primarily military, directly engaging groups like al-Qaeda and later the Islamic State (ISIS). While military interventions successfully dismantled these organizations, the ideology propelling them continued to thrive unattached to any direct confrontation, manifesting itself through a form of dawa, a socio-political agenda to establish an Islamic state that permeates non-Muslim societies.