Part 3/10:
Gravity is a defining factor in planetary design. When the size of an artificial planet increases while maintaining a similar density to Earth, the gravitational pull at its surface escalates. For instance, a planet twice the size of Earth (but with the same density) presents eight times the mass and surfaces an equivalent double gravitation that could thwart human functionality due to potential bone-shattering conditions.
One appealing alternative would be to manipulate density. By constructing a planet of larger size yet lower density, it theoretically could maintain Earth-like gravity. The mechanics of this gravitational balance also allow for various planetary architectures, influencing how residents experience living conditions and construct their societies.