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Born in 1899, Hayek was shaped by the tumultuous events of the early 20th century, including World War I. His formative years in Vienna exposed him to a milieu of intellectual currents, including the rise of socialism and the economic upheaval following the war. Encountering thinkers like Karl Menger and later confronting ideological titans like John Maynard Keynes at the London School of Economics, Hayek's career began to solidify, punctuated by his groundbreaking critique of Keynesian economics.