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The shift from a Republic to an Imperial state under Julius Caesar and later Augustus fundamentally changed the military landscape. Augustus recognized the necessity for a permanent and loyal military force. By establishing a leaner army of 28 legions, he ensured a reliable military structure while introducing reforms aimed at maintaining soldier loyalty through salaries and pensions.
The incorporation of auxiliary forces, which included non-citizen recruits, further diversified and strengthened the military. This integration not only bolstered military numbers but also fostered a sense of shared identity among diverse peoples assimilated into Roman culture.