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Constructed primarily from strong woods such as oak, elm, pine, and fir, the frame of the ship showcases the craftsmanship of the era. Timbers were joined together using scarf joints—massive, secured with both wood and metal fasteners. This robust construction method formed the foundation for a formidable hull, which was almost two feet thick at the waterline, creating a floating tank protected by wooden armor.
The ship was also outfitted with a keel beam at the bottom, securing massive masts that loomed over 200 feet above the water. To prevent marine growth and enhance water tightness, the hull was plated with copper below the waterline, demonstrating both practical ingenuity and the attention to detail that characterized shipbuilding during this time.