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One of the earliest forms of panpsychism is animism, which is often connected to ancient religions. Animism holds that all entities carry a spirit or consciousness, with many cultures attributing awareness to natural features like trees, rivers, and animals. Although more commonly classified as a religious belief, animism shares the central tenet of panpsychism: all things possess some form of consciousness.
Pantheism and Panentheism
Pantheism posits that everything is an aspect of God, while panentheism asserts that God exists within everything. These positions highlight a deeper, intrinsic connection between consciousness and the divine, suggesting that the universe is inherently mental or spiritual in nature.