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By 1000 BC, King Saul established a monarchy, which was ruled by his successor, King David. David made Jerusalem the capital, and his son, King Solomon, built the First Temple. However, after Solomon's death, this united kingdom fractured into the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south.
As time passed, the region experienced numerous conquests, significantly reducing the Jewish population. Notably, the Roman Empire named the region Palestine in an effort to sever the Jewish connection to their homeland.