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The seeds of change were planted during the Napoleonic Wars, which introduced a degree of administrative unity across Italy. Occupied by French forces, the regions were organized into three main units: the Kingdom of Italy, the Kingdom of Naples, and areas controlled by the French Empire. This period saw trade flourish and led to the rise of a nascent middle class, which was reluctant to return to the feudal structures that previously dominated their lives. The end of Napoleonic rule at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw European powers redrawing borders, essentially undoing the structure that had briefly united the Italians.