Part 8/10:
Despite numerous attempts to regulate high-frequency trading at the international level, advocates for reform have continuously faced resistance from powerful financial interests. Efforts such as the EU's MiFID II directive aimed at curbing the rapid trading practices were often diluted under pressure from finance ministers opposing restrictions.
As Bodek observed, the tactics employed by high-frequency traders operated under a veil of secrecy, making effective oversight nearly impossible. With knowledge and compliance often eschewed by traditional institutional investors, the complexity and opacity of trading strategies have left many investors at a disadvantage.