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Recognized by many as the first pope, St. Peter paved the way for what papal authority would become. However, by the time of Pope John XII, the election of popes had devolved into a process characterized by corruption and the influence of powerful families rather than a pure spiritual calling.
The Rise of John XII
Born Octavianus, John XII hailed from a politically powerful family known as the Tusculum Clan. He was propelled into the papacy largely through the influence of his father, Duke Alberich II, who had cultivated considerable power in Rome. Beyond mere religious significance, John XII wielded both political and military influence. Viewed as infallible, many presumed the pope would act with moral authority; however, his actions would reveal a stark contrast to these expectations.