Development of Koan in Japan
Zen Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 12th century, where it evolved and flourished, particularly during the Kamakura period (1185–1333).
Eisai (1141–1215) and Dōgen (1200–1253) were among the early Japanese Zen masters who brought the teachings from China, but it was Hakuin Ekaku (1686–1769) who played a significant role in systematizing the koan practice in Japan.
Hakuin reemphasized the use of koans as a central part of Zen training, especially in the Rinzai school of Zen, where koan practice became a rigorous discipline aimed at provoking deep insight and enlightenment.
Role in Zen Training
In Zen monasteries, koans are used as part of sanzen or dokusan—private interviews between a Zen master and a student. The student presents their understanding of the koan, and the master evaluates their response.