Both the existing qualitative evidence and our preliminary empirical analysis
documents a striking shift since 2009 towards deep learning based application-oriented research
that is consistent with this possibility. Second, and relatedly, the prospect of a change in the
innovation process raises key issues for a range of policy and management areas, ranging from
how to evaluate this new type of science to the potential for prediction methods to induce new
barriers to entry across a wide range of industries. Proactive analysis of the appropriate private
and public policy responses towards these breakthroughs seems like an extremely promising area
for future research.
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