Breakthroughs in information theory and computer science: New computational paradigms and algorithms optimized for atomic-scale computing would need to be developed.
Precision measurement and control systems: Extremely precise instruments for measuring and controlling quantum states would be necessary.
Advances in error correction: At the nanoscale, error rates could be significant, requiring highly advanced error correction techniques.
It's important to note that computronium remains a largely theoretical concept, and achieving it would require overcoming numerous scientific and engineering challenges that are currently beyond our technological capabilities. The development of such technology, if possible, would likely be many decades or even centuries in the future.