One option, Haroche suggests, is to locate French nuclear capable assets, like aircraft, in other European nations like Germany or Poland. The final decision to use such weapons would remain entirely with France, but their presence would undoubtedly send a strong message to potential aggressors.
Another option on the table is to have French nuclear bombers constantly patrol the European borderlands. This would be a more straightforward “fix” as France already patrols its borders today.
While an interesting suggestion, such a move would require France and the UK to reform their nuclear doctrines. France, for example, would explicitly need to state that “vital interests” also cover European allies.