Achievements: Google claimed "quantum supremacy" in 2019 with a specific task (random circuit sampling), though it was debated as more of a benchmark than a practical win. In 2024, IBM and DARPA partnered to advance quantum utility, showing NISQ systems tackling small-scale optimization problems. Companies like D-Wave are using quantum annealing for niche optimization tasks (e.g., logistics), though this differs from universal gate-based quantum computing.
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