Both chambers of Congress need to pass the same budget resolution to unlock the parliamentary tool that would enable Republicans to enact Trump's legislative agenda in a way that circumvents Democrat opposition and the Senate filibuster.
Republican leaders in the House hope to advance their version of a budget outline next week.
Only two amendments to the bill were adopted, both introduced by Republicans. Their sponsors said they were aimed at reducing excessive regulatory burdens and federal spending, and safeguarding Medicaid and Medicare.
"I know my Democratic colleagues are going to try tonight to use scare tactics to message that Republicans don't support these vital programs, but we do," Republican Senator Dan Sullivan said upon introducing his amendment.