A second influential trajectory in AI has been broadly in the area of robotics. While the
concepts of “robots” as machines that can perform human tasks dates back at least to the 1940s,
the field of robotics began to meaningfully flourish from the 1980s onwards through a
combination of the advances in numerically controlled machine tools and the development of
more adaptive but still rules-based robotics that rely on the active sensing of a known
environment. Perhaps the most economically consequential application of AI to date has been in
this area, with large scale deployment of “industrial robots” in manufacturing applications.
These machines are precisely programmed to undertake a given task in a highly controlled
environment.
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