Of course, many research tools are neither IMIs nor GPTs, and their primary impact is to
reduce the cost or enhance the quality of an existing innovation process. For example, in the
pharmaceutical industry, new kinds of materials promise to enhance the efficiency of specific
research processes. Other research tools can indeed be thought of as IMIs but are nonetheless
relatively limited in application. For example, the development of genetically engineered
research mice (such as the Oncomouse) is an IMI that has had a profound impact on the conduct
and “playbook” of biomedical research, but has no obvious relevance to innovation in areas such
as information technology, energy, or aerospace. The challenge presented by advances in AI is
that they appear to be research tools that not only have the potential to change the method of
innovation itself but also have implications across an extraordinarily wide range of fields.
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