. As previously discussed, peer-reviewed and public-domain literature on AI points to the
existence of three distinct fields within AI: robotics, learning systems and symbol systems, each
comprised of numerous subfields. To track development of each of these using this data, we
began by identifying the publications and patents falling into each of these three fields based on
keywords. Appendix 1 lists the terms we used to define each field and identify the papers and
patents belonging to it. .2 In short, the robotics field includes approaches in which a system
engages with and responds to environmental conditions; the symbolic systems field attempts to
represent complex concepts through logical manipulation of symbolic representations, and the
learning systems field processes data through analytical programs modeled on neurologic
systems.
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