To understand this phenomenon in detail, the UC San Diego team developed a technique called time-resolved vortex electron diffraction.
Unlike conventional methods that involve using ordinary electron beams, this approach uses vortex electrons—special electrons that spin as they travel, similar to how a tornado spirals. This spiral motion allows scientists to detect even tiny changes in electron behavior.
“The key idea behind this approach is the use of a specialized electron beam that spirals as it travels, enabling precise tracking of electron motion in both space and time,” the researchers note.
As the electrons move, scientists can take multiple snapshots (detect signals) of the vortex electron movement at different moments in time. Then, by analyzing these diffraction patterns, they can reconstruct how electrons behave inside molecules over time.