1965
Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus publishes "Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence,"7 arguing that the human mind operates fundamentally differently from computers. He predicts limits to AI progress due to the challenges of replicating human intuition and understanding. His critique is influential in sparking debates about AI's philosophical and practical limits.
I.J. Good writes "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine,"8 famously asserting that once an ultraintelligent machine is created, it can design even more intelligent systems, making it humanity's last invention—provided it remains controllable. His ideas prefigure modern discussions on AI superintelligence and its risks.