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Do you mean a sim swap to change your number, or someone trying to clone it?

The first depends on your carrier, you are basically changing your number. The 2nd, is based on how well trained the carrier level 1 support are, if you can't get them to clone a sim the first time, just call back and try on another person.

Worried someone will do it to me, though not sure if its possible in Japan

You can call your carrier and ask for additional security for activities related to your sim, each carrier handles this differently, just call them and tell them you want to add additional protections to your account.

You can also setup a pin code for most carriers that requires you to know this code to do anything with the carrier.

In the end, the best thing you can do is to avoid any form of SMS second factor authentication for anything serious. Any time I see a bank or financial institution use SMS for 2nd factor, I nope the fuck out.

This is actually really helpful...I have more questions but if I start they'll never end, so I'll read up on it. Thanks!