The interpretation of the problems of the medieval history of Ch. and writing is largely determined by the understanding of these practices in modern culture, a retrospective analysis of the changes that led to the modern function and dynamics of texts in culture. For most of the special works, the starting point is the position that the phenomenon of writing and writing has undergone radical changes on the long path from the initial state of written culture to the modern one. In the Middle Ages itself, the process of Ch.i rarely became the subject of consideration and description, and due to the ambiguity of the terms describing Ch.e, this leaves room for a variety of interpretations of the moment and form of switching from the Ch.ya recorded for antiquity aloud to the modern standard of individual, strictly visual and intimate silent reading. Loud reading aloud is undoubtedly reflected in medieval sources. In addition to the early Christian and medieval descriptions and images of “hotly reading” hermits (even in the 17th century, Simplicissimus saw one such), secretaries or scholars, the word usage itself is indicative: the verb legere (“read”) can be completely synonymous , for example, cantare ("sing"), a scribere dictare ("write" "dictate"). The Charter of Benedict (VI century) instructs the monks to read without interfering with each other, Petrarch spends his days either in Ch.i or in silence, and Thomas of Kempis understands Ch.e as a joint work of eyes and lips. The miniatures depict group hours and recitations, the texts are full of references to scribes, readers, secretaries, etc., and the reader's work itself was considered hard and requiring good health
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