Now, there are different general notions that we need to know in order to understand how each of them works and so we can better navigate in those paths so longed for knowledge.
Starting from what are the general notions of deduction, one of the most basic forms of the same can be dated from the times of Aristotle (384 - 322 a.c.), which is the Syllogism.
The Syllogism.
It is a form of deduction in which are taken two propositions that have function of premises, and one last that has function of conclusion; the latter being an inference necessary to draw a correct deduction from the other two.
Elements found in a Syllogism.
• A term called subject S,
• A term called predicate P.
• A term called M. medium
• An antecedent, which consists of two judgments that are called premises,
• A consequent, resulting judgment as a conclusion.
* The structure of a syllogism is as follows: *
Universal Premise: The planets are round. *
Premise Particular: Earth is a planet. *
Conclusion: The earth is round. *
Rules of the syllogism: To make a correct syllogism it is necessary to follow certain rules to avoid errors. *
# # Reasoning in ordinary language.
The reasonings when they are not carried through certain criteria or rules that are kept in the formal sciences can show certain deficiencies in how much their projection and understanding between the receivers; it is true that all words have a certain level of content, which can be effectively manifested through correct rhetoric; but when it comes to formalize communication between people and seeks an exact and concise understanding to avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary a technical and structured language, well grounded in the logic and value judgment of the meaning of the word, in order to reach a better development in the scientific explanation, and away from vulgarity forever.
On the other hand, it is good to keep in mind that the induction has other notions that must be taken into account, for a better knowledge of the function of the same, and of how it can be used:
Reasoning by analogy: Analogical reasoning is one of the most common methods by which human beings try to understand the world and is one of the most used for decision making. It consists of the comparison of elements and factors that can show in different situation but due to the similarity of previous experiences can be concluded that can be solved in the same way.
Logical or causal reasoning: It is a process of logic by which, based on one or more value judgments, the possibility of validity or falsity of another different judgment is sought; this has as purpose the study of the different causes that help to improve the ability to understand the effects of the world that surrounds us.
What is science?
It is a method or procedure that has been characterized by lovers of knowledge since the seventeenth century, consisting of a systemic observation of measurement, experimentation, formulation, analysis and modification of the hypotheses; being this method supported by two fundamental pillars: reproducibility and refutability. The first implies the ability to repeat a given experiment, in any place and by any person; and the second the ability to refute the theory, since for the scientific method there are no "absolute truths."
What is the hypothesis?
It is the assumption that is made regarding the fact, that although this fact has not been directly observed, we have a logical idea that tries to predict in some way what is going to happen. This attempt to predict the events that surround us is a necessity that has encountered man since ancient times, because civilizations always sought somehow or another, find a comfort for that game of chance that can become the world . He tried to see the stars, our stars; to try to explain the phenomena of our crops and natural disasters. For a long time it was believed; it was not until the arrival of Rene Descartes that he made in all his vigor the Scientific Method in the seventeenth century that the hypothesis in science became something more than "supposing" that all phenomena of nature were due to punishments of god, or issues of supernatural scope. Now, thanks to science, methods and techniques have been found that help to better understand what the human intellect is and how to formulate good hypotheses of a logical and coherent nature that give rise to a better human reasoning that promotes the evolution of society .
Scientific Explanations.
Scientific explanations are those explanations of conceptual structures that science offers to know why various scientific facts occur and why some are established more regularly. These explanations are rooted in an empirical logic that has as objective the exact understanding on the subject to explain first of all its sets, since its maximum aim is the accuracy and the coherence.
Non-scientific explanations.
Non-scientific explanations are those explanations that lack the scientific method, and that are based on other foundations to answer the unknowns that are in the world. The problem with such explanations is that it lacks essential characteristics for explanation to come to the understanding of all people, and may be encapsulated by dogmas and beliefs that have no basis for real objectivity. They may be logical, yes, but not scientific and therefore lack formality. </ Center>