Good questions, perhaps I will cover this type of topic in the not to distant future.
There were many different cultures with many different numbers of days of the week, and a many using their own calendars. It makes for a very interesting research topic if you are up to it.
Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon was astounded at the wisdom of Daniel. We can only speculate what it was that he found so insightful. By this time the Babylonians had already figured out the Saros Cycle through sheer weight of observations. There are cycles hinted at in Daniels writing that make for far superior calendar calibration than was existent at that time. I'll put together something on this some time, but its really interesting to research ancient astronomy and astrology for oneself.
Daniel survived in a highly politicized court through three rulers of the ancient empire of Babylon, no mean feat and one can detect a little of his great stature in his writings.
Isaac Newton was fascinated by them for their complex and intricate nature.
To answer the question.
The Measurement of things via time, the moon and other things given "for signs and for seasons" is for human observation and from their perspective.
A father meets their child on their level otherwise its over their head and understanding.
well put. Indeed . You should put something together for this one