The Emergence of Arabic learning methods.

The emergence of Arabic learning methods, both traditional methods such as qowaid and translation methods, as well as modern methods, are at least based on at least two theoretical frameworks; namely:

Linguistic Theory is the theory of the language itself.

Theory of Language Learning Psychology.

These two theoretical foundations were used to develop language learning methods.

Psychology theory of language learning confirms that people learning language should be with stimulus-response. This means learning the language for learning learner keunttipan. However, the so-called stimulus does not have to come from outside parties or from others, but can be created by the learners themselves.

Psychology theory of language learning there are several schools or schools, among others:

Behaviorism School

The characters include: Thorndike who holds that learning language is done with the theory of trial and error that can be done by the teacher by repeatedly rehearsing the learner. This requires teachers to be good at engineering the learning environment. On the basis of this view appears the method of al-samiyah syafahiyyah (aural oral approach). That is, a method that trains the hearing ability and then trains the pronunciation properly and correctly. This method focuses on the activities of reinforcement or al-ta'ziz, whose media can use tadribat media, memorize vocabulary, dialogue and practice sentence patterns.

Cognitive School

This school states that the environment is not a determinant of learning outcomes. Learners on receiving the stimulus have the right to choose appropriate response options. Followers of this school is Noam Chomsky who holds that everyone has the readiness of nature to learn the language. From birth every oaring has been provided by Allah SWT language acquisition tool (jihaz iktisab al-lughah).

Therefore, in terms of language there are two terms that need to be understood namely (1) ta'allum al-lughah (language teaching) and (2) iktisab al-lughah (acquisition of language).

Linguistic theory or linguistic theory also contributes to the birth of the method and its development. This linguistic theory underlies the worldview of the nature of language. From this theory was born two schools or madhhab:

Structural Flow

This stream was pioneered by Ferdinan de Saussure. According to this stream the language is:

Ujaran (spoken) and not writing.

Language skills are obtained through habitual practice and repetition. So instead of switching from the language of the learner into the target language (BT).

Each language has a system different from the others.

No language can be declared superior to other languages.

All living languages undergo both vocabulary and pattern development and structure.

The default language source is the speaker of that language. From here comes the expression "language is what is spoken and not what should be spoken."

The process of language learning according to this structural flow is:

Habits, exercises and imitations must be intensified

Language skills should start from listening, speaking, reading and writing.

The language learning approach can utilize contrastive analysis (dirasah taqabuliyah) to find the similarity between the language of the learners and the target language and look for differences.

The need for an eloquent example of sounds, including those that must be read long and short. Also the eloquence of the structure so as not to impress imparting the structure of Indonesia.

From the basis of both the theory of both linguistics and psychology theory of language learning this appears audiolingual methods.

Generative-Transformation Flow

The figure of this famous flow is Noam Chomsky. According to this theory the language consists of two structures namely the internal structure (al-bina al-asasy) and the outer structure (al-bina al-dhahiry). For example when people say "Al-muwaddhof? That's the same as if he says "thing anta muwadhof?

Furthermore, according Chomsky Traffic someone in the language there are two kinds of competence (al-kafa'ah) and performasi (al-ada '). This means, the ability of a person in terms of language between competencies with different performances and not directly proportional. The ability of al-ada 'is lower than the competence ability, both in spoken and in written language.

According to Chomsky one's ability of the new grammar is on linguistic competence not yet on language proficiency.

Indeed, the ability of a person in any language can be divided into:

The ability of the language can only be understood "Al-lughoh al-mufahhamah"

The ability to speak fluently "Al-lughoh al-fasihah"

Traffic in beautiful language Al-lughoh al balighoh "
Based on the theory of generative transformation, then language learning is done by following the following principles:

That language skills is a creative process. Therefore learners should be given wide opportunities to create speech in communicative situations, rather than mimicking and verbalism.

Material selection is not emphasized on the results of contrastive analysis but on communication needs.

It is only given when necessary and more implicit in supporting language proficiency.

Thus, hopefully it will help educators and practitioners in developing more interactive and interactive communicative theories and methods in the future.