Anisotropies (non-uniformities) of one part in 100,000 in the CMB are the seeds that later grew and led to formation of objects in our universe. Discovered in 1992 by COBE satellite (Hawking: “the discovery of the century, if not all time").
CMB anisotropies are a fantastic probe of the early universe and its physics. “Rosetta Stone of cosmology” (Turner & White). You can think of anisotropies as sound waves in the early universe. Their pattern has oscillatory behavior which was predicted in the 1970s-1990s and then confirmed (!) by experiments such as COBE, DASI, WMAP, ... CMB anisotropy is polarized: predicted in late 1960s, discovered by DASI in 2002.
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