That meme is brilliant. "Cherished Wrong Beliefs" The difficulty of course is who gets to determine "wrong". Sure, people who disagree will present the facts, but if the facts are deceptive, or founded on false premises, they ought to be debated, rather than accepted. Sometimes the false premises are so well established, it's unthinkable to re-evaluate them or even re-consider them. "Everyone knows" doesn't make the premise any less false... if it is false. We must entertain the possibility that "everyone's wrong", if everyone's wrong. That in itself is an uncomfortable suggestion. "Scientific consensus" or "Experts agree" or "We all know that..." all red flags. There is no "everyone" when it comes to thinking, we all have independent thought, and correct or incorrect, there's always a counterpoint to every independent thought.
Cognitive dissidence is natural and expected, sometimes the cognitive dissidence is resolved by removing the dissidence (that's the easy option) by fighting or mocking ideas that make us feel uncomfortable, but other times cognitive dissidence resolved by changing the cognitive! This is the more difficult and much more honest approach. People who are more interested in truth over feelings or convenience will choose this option and it is much more civil and dignified and honorable and intelligent. But it's not easy and it's very uncomfortable at times. Especially when being mocked for your "cherished beliefs".
The message is that our ability to hold contradictory beliefs is a source of creativity and an engine of cultural development. Your question points to something slightly different : how do we manage to hold contradictory beliefs? Well, one of the mechanisms is by questioning authority and calling into question everything.
Harari's point is that "resolving cognitive dissonance" is, at the level of rhe species, neither desirable nor good.