That's a very good explanation of markets.
"One group might want to stop starvation, while the other might want to stop climate change."
"Both could easily be achieved with our level of resources..."
Newp.
Starvation - maybe. It isn't resources, but policy, as you point out, that causes starvation.
Stop climate change? Not in our lifetime, probably not until we can build a Dyson Sphere.
Maybe we can mitigate, or even fully eliminate, human contributions to climate - if we can even figure out what they are, which we sure as hell haven't yet.
E.g. What is the impact on climate of increase in detritovores in the deep ocean, resulting from definning sharks?
No one has any idea.