单例模式是23个设计模式中比较简单,也是最常用的模式之一,虽然简单,但在多线程并发访问时如果不注意一些使用细节,会引发意想不到的bug。
单例模式
定义:保证一个类只有一个实例,并且自行实例化并向整个系统提供这个实例。
类图:待完成
优点:
- 减少内存开支
- 减少性能开销
- 避免对资源的多重占用
- 提供和共享全局访问量
缺点: - 扩展性差
- 测试不方便
- 单例模式和单一职责莫设计原则向冲突
单例的两种使用形式
饿汉模式
public class EagerSingleton {
private static EagerSingleton singleton=new EagerSingleton();
private EagerSingleton(){
}
public static EagerSingleton getSingleton(){
return singleton;
}
}
懒汉模式
该代码采用了DCL双锁检测(double checked locking),避免了因为多线程并发下可能出现的异常
public class LazySingleton {
private volatile static LazySingleton singleton;
private LazySingleton(){
}
public static LazySingleton getSingleton() throws InterruptedException {
if (singleton != null) {
} else {
Thread.sleep(3000);
synchronized (LazySingleton.class) {
if (singleton == null) {
singleton = new LazySingleton();
}
}
}
return singleton;
}
}
测试类:
public class MyThread extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
System.out.println("EagerSingleton"+EagerSingleton.getSingleton().hashCode());
try {
System.out.println("LazySingleton"+LazySingleton.getSingleton().hashCode());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1=new MyThread();
MyThread t2=new MyThread();
MyThread t3=new MyThread();
MyThread t4=new MyThread();
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
运行结果
EagerSingleton908288934
EagerSingleton908288934
EagerSingleton908288934
EagerSingleton908288934
LazySingleton1515217202
LazySingleton1515217202
LazySingleton1515217202
LazySingleton1515217202
可以看到hash值相同,证明了我们的结论,试着把双重检查中的判空代码去掉,再运行下结果,你会发现单例失效了!
懒汉模式的使用比较多,我们可以使用一些技巧,对懒汉模式进行封装
代码如下:
public abstract class Singleton<T> {
private T mInstance;
protected abstract T create();
public final T get() {
synchronized (this) {
if (mInstance == null) {
mInstance = create();
}
return mInstance;
}
}
}
可以看到,这是一个基于单例的模版类,使用方法也很简单,继承此类,提供约束的泛型,实现create()方法即可
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wow it's funny thing
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