#1. Lesson on Optical Fibre Communication: Part-1.

Hello Steemit!!
Today I am writing my post about the Optical Fibre Communication in a small part, the other parts I will be soon posting.

Fibre Optic?
Dielectric waveguide of cylindrical geometry with core and cladding of suitable material.

Main Motivation:
To meet demand of increase in the telecommunication data transmission.

Physical Principle: input light output light
Total internal reflection (critical angle, using Snell’s law).

Main Advantages:
 Higher bandwidth (extremely high data transfer rate).
 Less signal degradation.
 Less costly per meter.
 Lighter and thinner then copper wire.
 Lower transmitter launching power.
 Less susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
 Flexible use in mechanical and medical imaging systems.

Main Applications:
 Telecommunications.
 Sensors.
 Fiber Lasers.
 Bio-medical.
 Automotive and many other industries.

Fibre Optics Material Choice?

H.H.Hopkins and N.S.Kapnay in 1950’s used cladding fiber: (Nobel Prize 2009)
Good image properties demonstrated for 75 cm long fiber
[Nature 173, 39 (1954)].
Application found use in medicine as gastroscopes,
endoscopes etc.
Advent of Laser in 1960’s , but didn’t work for optical
communication due to attenuation problem!
In 1964 critical theoretical suggestion by, Charles K. Kao and Charles Hockam :
For long range communication system the loss limit was set to 20 dB/Km (was ~ 1000 db/Km or higher at that time!).
Pure form of Silica, by reducing impurities i.e., the optical losses were not due to glass itself, but impurities in it.
Limit met by doping titanium in fused core and pure fused

Silica in cladding [Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 423 (1970)].

Today the lower limit is below 0.2 dB/KM.
Plastic and Plastic–clad Silica , as well few other optical fibers materials (useful for some applications), has been invented.

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For the first part till here only. I will be back with the next part soon.

Hope I was able to fulfill your expectations of gaining knowledge by satisfying you writing this post. Hope you all like the information provided in the article. Any queries or opinions you want to share are heartily welcome!!
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