One mechanism I studied about is that some bacteria, like bacillus and clostridium species have the ability to form spores when they are in a harsh or difficult environment. These spores are much more resistant to damage like heat, acid, alkali than the bacteria themselves. The spores are their dormant state, also known as their inactive state. When the environment is favorable again, the spores can germinate back into the active form.
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Thanks for providing some answers :)
My pleasure, sir. :)