Selection of a waterproofing solution depends on many crucial factors like the construction method used for making the foundation, environmental and geotechnical factors like hydrostatic pressure etc.
Before membrane selection, homeowners must water ingress tolerance and appearance of water-related effects like biological growth and efflorescence in below-grade spaces. The below-ground area determines the acceptability level of water ingress. For example, desirable water-tightness for a hospital is drastically different than for a parking garage.
Positive-Side vs Blind-Side
For below-grade waterproofing membranes, there are two installation methods known as positive-side and blind-side. Positive-side application of below-grade waterproofing membranes means applying the layer to a concrete wall surface after removal of forms on over-excavated site excavation.
The blind-side application means an installation of the membrane against an excavated shoring retention wall system like auger cast pilings before pouring the basement walls. Also, under slab membrane placement is considered a blind-side application due to construction sequencing.
Waterproofing solution performance varies substantially based on the application method and material used. Positive-side waterproofing allows a more comfortable application as the site is accessible, and the membrane can be inspected and repaired before a backfill.
The performance of blind-side waterproofing has been problematic as the placement of the concrete over membrane does not provide an installer with the ability to correct deficiencies. Thus with blind-side waterproofing, it is crucial to take proper field quality assurance measures before and during concrete placement.
Note that membranes that are used for positive-side are not suitable for blind-side applications as well because of the reversed installation sequencing undertaken. Say, for example, a peel-and-stick sheet membrane is ideal for positive-side applications, but the layer is not suitable for blind-side or under slab applications.
Geotechnical Selection Factors
Waterproofing product selection depends on the potential of hydrostatic conditions. As when the project extends several levels under the ground, it may encounter a water table. The result of placing the project into the water table is twofold. The structural engineer is required to compensate for additional forces, and waterproofing system is subjected to continuous hydrostatic pressure. Thus, the requirements for membrane performance increase predictably when the membrane is placed in the water table. The hydrostatic pressure worsens any construction defects.
Some sites possess the possibility for differential settlement to occur for various reasons such as seismic activity or soil type. A settlement has significant consequences on waterproofing membranes as a structural slab might experience cracking. Slab cracking can rupture an under slab membrane allowing transmission of moisture through the damaged layer and into the interior space above.
Thus, waterproofing solutions in India vary as per the requirements. One must take proper decision and choose a waterproofing solution.
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