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"For telcos, there are two aspects of AI. One is as a user, the other is as a supplier," said Young-sang. "As a user, you are a telco business, you can improve your network efficiency, marketing and customer service by using the AI technology. You can improve your own operations."

"The other aspect is, AI can be a growth engine, a new business opportunity for telcos," he added. Data centers, the facilities that offer computing capacity needed to run generative AI applications like ChatGPT, are another key area where telcos like SK Telecom can play a key role, Young-sang said.

In the Western world, the race to build data centers is one that's been mostly dominated by cloud computing giants — or "hyperscalers" — such as Amazon, Microsoft and Google. However, SK Telecom is aggressively expanding AI-ready data centers of its own globally, according to the firm's CEO.

Can telcos catch up on tech?
For many telecom industry analysts, chatter about telcos seeking to transform themselves into tech players isn't entirely new — companies in the industry have long been aware their relevance in communications and media has been dwindling.

Kester Mann, director of consumer and connectivity at market research firm CCS Insight, told CNBC that while he's not a great fan of the "techco" term, it's something the industry continues to focus on and has gathered pace in the context of the AI boom.

"AI can influence so many areas ... and obviously that does play to that trend around telco to techco and operators positioning themselves more than just a connectivity provider," Mann said.

So-called "autonomous networks," or networks that can be managed and fixed with limited human oversight, is an area that's quickly gaining traction in the industry, according to Nik Willetts, CEO of telco industry association TM Forum.

"Autonomous Networks is a movement we see moving from theory to reality incredibly quickly, thanks to advancements in AI combined with a new level of ambition and industry-wide action," Willetts said.

This tech "can unlock a step-change in operating and capital efficiency, improving EBITDA and free cashflows, as well as unlocking new revenue opportunities and much-needed improvements in customer experience," he added.

Jeetu Patel, chief product officer of IT networking giant Cisco, said he sees telcos playing a vital role as AI drives up demand for network traffic and bandwidth.

"The reality is this: the network bandwidth appetite is going to increase exponentially with AI," Patel told CNBC. "Today, 100% of our workforce is human. Tomorrow, you will have that being augmented by AI agents, robots, humanoids, a lot of edge devices."

"These agents are going to be more chatty and they're going to require more network traffic and bandwidth," he added. "I think service providers have a significant role to play. In my mind, the opportunity is not gone for them."

That's how the U.S. pulled off the historic first fusion ignition, producing net positive energy at the Lawrence Livermore National Ignition Facility, or NIF, in 2022.

Here, the preamplifier module increases the laser energy as it heads toward the target chamber at the National Ignition Facitility.

Photo courtesy Damien Jemison at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Since then, private investment in U.S. fusion startups has soared to more than $8 billion, up from $1.2 billion in 2021, according to the Fusion Industry Association. Of the FIA's 40 member companies, 25 of them are based in the U.S.

Traditional nuclear power, created from fission instead of fusion, has seen a big uptick in investment as Big Tech looks for ways to fill the ever-increasing power needs of AI data centers. Amazon, Google and Meta have signed a pledge to help triple nuclear energy worldwide by 2050.

"If you care about AI, if you care about energy leadership … you have to make investments into fusion," FIA CEO Andrew Holland said. "This is something that if the United States doesn't lead on, then China will."

Money, size and speed
While the U.S. has the most active nuclear power plants, China is king of new projects.

Despite breaking ground on its first reactor nearly four decades after the U.S. pioneered the tech, China's now building far more fission power plants than any other country.

China entered the fusion race in the early 2000s, about 50 years after the U.S., when it joined more than 30 nations to collaborate on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor fusion megaproject in France. But ITER has since hit major delays.

The race is on between individual nations, but the U.S. private sector remains in the lead. Of the $8 billion in global private fusion investment, $6 billion is in the U.S., according to the FIA.

Beijing is putting a reported $1.5 billion annually toward the effort while U.S. federal dollars for fusion have averaged about $800 million annually the last few years, according to the Energy Department's Office of Fusion Energy Sciences.

President Donald Trump ramped up support for nuclear, including fusion, during his first term, and that continued under former President Joe Biden. It's unclear what fusion funding will look like in Trump's second term, amid massive federal downsizing.

U.S. senators and fusion experts published a report in February calling for $10 billion of federal funds to help keep the U.S. from losing its lead.

A series of satellite images provided to CNBC by Planet Labs shows the rapid building in 2024 of a giant new laser-fusion site in China. The containment dome where the fusion reaction will occur is roughly twice the size of NIF, the U.S. laser-fusion project, CNA Corporation's Decker Eveleth said. The China site is likely a fusion-fission hybrid, FIA's Holland said.

"A fusion-fission hybrid essentially is like replicating a bomb, but as a power plant. It would never work, never fly in a place like the United States, where you have a regulatory regime that determines safety," Holland said. "But in a regime like China, where it doesn't matter what the people who live next door say, if the government says we want to do it, we're going to do it."

U.S. fusion startup Helion told CNBC some Chinese projects are copying its patented designs, too.

"China, specifically, we're seeing investment from the state agencies to invest in companies to then replicate U.S. companies' designs," said David Kirtley, founder and CEO of Helion.

Manpower and materials
China's rapid rollout of new fusion projects comes at a time when American efforts have largely been focused on upgrading existing machines, some of them more than 30 years old.

"Nobody wants to work on old dinosaurs, " said TAE's Binderbauer, adding that new projects attract more talent. "There's a bit of a brain drain."

In the early 2000s, budget cuts to domestic fusion research forced U.S. universities to halt work on new machines and send researchers to learn on other country's machines, including China's.

"Instead of building new ones, we went to China and helped them build theirs, thinking, 'Oh, that'd be great. They'll have the facility. We'll be really smart,'" said Bob Mumgaard, co-founder and CEO of Commonwealth Fusion Systems. "Well, that was a big mistake."

China now has more fusion patents than any other country, and 10 times the number of doctorates in fusion science and engineering as the U.S., according to a report from Nikkei Asia.

"There's a finite labor pool in the West that all the companies compete for," Binderbauer said. "That is a fundamental constraint."

Commonwealth Fusion Systems SPARC tokamak being assembled in December 2024 in Devens, Massachusetts, is scheduled to use superconducting magnets to reach fusion ignition in 2027.

Besides manpower, fusion projects need a huge amount of materials, such as high power magnets, specific metals, capacitors and power semiconductors. Helion's Kirtley said the timeline of the company's latest prototype, Polaris, was set entirely by the availability of semiconductors.

China is making moves to corner the supply chain for many of these materials, in a similar play to how it came to dominate solar and EV batteries.

"China is investing ten times the rate that the United States is in advanced material development," Kirtley said. "That's something we have got to change."

Shanghai-based fusion company Energy Singularity told CNBC in a statement that it "undoubtedly" benefits from China's "efficient supply chain." In June, Energy Singularity said it successfully created plasma in record time, just two years after beginning the design of its tokamak.

That's still a far cry from reaching grid-scale, commercial fusion power. Helion aims to be first with a goal of 2028. Commonwealth has announced the site in Virginia where it plans to bring the first fusion power plant, ARC, online in the early 2030s.

"Even though the first ones might be in the U.S., I don't think we should take comfort in that," said MIT's Whyte. "The finish line is actually a mature fusion industry that's producing products for use around the world, including in AI centers."

It's easier to build a startup, and the top people in tech don't have to prove their worth by going to work at big tech companies, he said.

"There's a lot of anxiety in the job market, especially from young software engineers," Tan said. "Maybe it's that engineer who couldn't get a job at Meta or Google who actually can build a standalone business making $10 million or $100 million a year with ten people -- that's such a powerful moment in software."

About 80% of the YC companies that presented this week were AI focused, with a handful of robotics and semiconductor startups. This group of companies has been able to prove earlier commercial use compared to previous generations, Tan said.